Community Characteristics and Niche Analysis of Soil Animals in Returning Farmland to Forest Areas on the Loess Plateau

Niche theory is significant for understanding the function of community structure, interspecific relationships, and community dynamic succession. However, there are few studies on the soil animal niche in returning farmland to forest areas on the Loess Plateau, making it challenging to comprehend the utilization of soil animal resources, the stability of the local community, and the succession process in the areas. Therefore, this study collected soil animals in five typical vegetation types: Robinia pseudoacacia (R), Hippophae rhamnoides (H), Populus simonii (P), Pinus tabulaeformis (T), and Armeniaca sibirica x Hippophae rhamnoides (M), with abandoned grassland (G) used as a control group. Then, the number of soil animal taxa, individuals, diversity, and niche were sampled and examined in the study areas during the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn, and winter using the manual sorting method and the Tullgren method. The results revealed that 3872 soil animals from 3 Phyla, 8 Classes, 22 Orders, and 49 Families were captured in the study areas. The dominant groups of soil macrofauna were Diptera larvae, Julidae, and Formicidae, and the dominant groups of meso–micro soil fauna were Oribatida, Protospira, and Collembola juveniles. Soil animals have rich nutritional function groups, with the most saprophytic soil animal groups. The individual density and taxa number of soil animals in G were lower than other vegetation on the whole. H, M, and P had a higher Shannon–Winner index than the other vegetation. Seasonal changes had different effects on macro and meso–micro soil fauna. The diversity of soil macrofauna is higher in spring and summer, and that of meso–micro soil fauna is higher in autumn and winter. Oribatida, Diptera Larvae, and Formicidae had a large niche width in the main taxa of soil animals, with universal adaptability to the environment. Cicadellidae and Culicidae had narrow niche widths and were highly dependent on resources and the environment. There were 67 pairs of highly overlapped ( O ik > 0.8) taxa of soil animals and 56 pairs of moderately overlapped (0.6 < O ik ≤ 0.8) taxa, accounting for 80.39% of the total number of taxa. Soil animals had high commonality in resource utilization, intense competition, and poor community stability. As a result, we can conclude that the soil animal community in the study areas was in the stage of succession.