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Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Increasing Illegal Livestock Grazing over Three Decades at Moyowosi Kigosi Game Reserve, Tanzania

Author

Listed:
  • Nyangabo V. Musika

    (Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Tengeru, Arusha 23301, Tanzania)

  • James V. Wakibara

    (College of African Wildlife Management—Mweka, P.O. Box 3031, Uru Magharibi, Moshi 25215, Tanzania)

  • Patrick A. Ndakidemi

    (Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Tengeru, Arusha 23301, Tanzania)

  • Anna C. Treydte

    (Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Tengeru, Arusha 23301, Tanzania
    Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
    Ecology of Tropical Agricultural Systems, Hans-Ruthenberg Institute, Hohenheim University, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany)

Abstract

The global increase of livestock has caused illegal intrusion of livestock into protected areas. Until now, hotspot areas of illegal grazing have rarely been mapped, long-term monitoring data are missing, and little is known about the drivers of illegal grazing. We localized hotspots of illegal grazing and identified factors that influenced spatio-temporal patterns of illegal grazing over three decades in the Moyowosi Kigosi Game Reserve (MKGR), Tanzania. We used questionnaires with local pastoralists (N = 159), georeferenced aerial survey data and ranger reports from 1990–2019 to understand the reasons for illegal grazing in the area. We found that hotspots of illegal grazing occurred initially within 0–20 km of the boundary ( H (3) = 137, p < 0.001; ( H (3) = 32, p < 0.001) and encroached further into the protected area with time ( H (3) = 11.3, p = 0.010); ( H (2) = 59.0, p < 0.001). Further, livestock herd sizes decreased with increasing distance from the boundary ( R = −0.20, p = 0.020; R = −0.40, p = 0.010). Most interviewees (81%) claimed that they face challenges of reduced foraging land in the wet season, caused by increasing land used for cultivation, which drives them into the MKGR to feed their livestock. We conclude that there is spatio-temporal consistency in the illegal livestock intrusion over three decades, and hotspot areas are located along the boundary of the MKGR. We suggest focusing patrols at these hotspot areas, especially during the wet season, to use limited law enforcement resources effectively.

Suggested Citation

  • Nyangabo V. Musika & James V. Wakibara & Patrick A. Ndakidemi & Anna C. Treydte, 2021. "Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Increasing Illegal Livestock Grazing over Three Decades at Moyowosi Kigosi Game Reserve, Tanzania," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-12, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:10:y:2021:i:12:p:1325-:d:693227
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    4. Duncan Cheruiyot & Charles A.O. Midega & Jimmy O. Pittchar & John A. Pickett & Zeyaur R. Khan, 2020. "Farmers’ Perception and Evaluation of Brachiaria Grass ( Brachiaria spp.) Genotypes for Smallholder Cereal-Livestock Production in East Africa," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-13, July.
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