IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jjrfmx/v15y2022i2p61-d738943.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Risk Management and Agency Theory: Role of the Put Option in Corporate Bonds

Author

Listed:
  • Manish Tewari

    (Department of Finance, Menlo College, 1000 El Camino Real, Atherton, CA 94027, USA)

  • Pradipkumar Ramanlal

    (Department of Finance and Dr. P. Phillips School of Real Estate, University of Central Florida, College of Business, 12744 Pegasus Dr., Orlando, FL 32816, USA)

Abstract

This study sets out a new methodology to exemplify, through a set of risk metrics called the Greeks, impact of a bond’s structured provisions (e.g., call, put, and conversion options) on its risk characteristics and its propensity for agency conflicts. The methodology is assessed by applying it to a sample of 159 non-convertible bonds, with time-scheduled call and put provisions issued between 1977 and 2005. A structural contingent-claims valuation model is used to value the bonds and estimate the Greeks. The methodology is used to assess the impact of the call and put provisions on the bond’s credit risk and interest-rate risk, as well as the provisions’ ability to mitigate the agency conflict associated with over-investment, under-investment, asset-substitution, and information asymmetry about the firm’s true risk among stakeholders. The main findings of this study are that the put option plays a key role in reducing credit risk, mitigating agency conflict, and protecting against volatility shocks; conversely, the call option plays a key role in reducing interest-rate risk. The methodology is sufficiently general to apply to bonds and preferred stock with any set of structured provisions.

Suggested Citation

  • Manish Tewari & Pradipkumar Ramanlal, 2022. "Risk Management and Agency Theory: Role of the Put Option in Corporate Bonds," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-28, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jjrfmx:v:15:y:2022:i:2:p:61-:d:738943
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/15/2/61/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/15/2/61/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ingersoll, Jonathan Jr., 1977. "A contingent-claims valuation of convertible securities," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 4(3), pages 289-321, May.
    2. Jensen, Michael C. & Meckling, William H., 1976. "Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 3(4), pages 305-360, October.
    3. Altintig, Z. Ayca & Butler, Alexander W., 2005. "Are they still called late? The effect of notice period on calls of convertible bonds," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 11(1-2), pages 337-350, March.
    4. David Wang & Heng-Chih Chou, 2005. "Defaultable Puttable/Callable Bond Valuation: A 3D Finite Difference Model," Finance 0511018, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Sarkar, Sudipto, 2003. "Early and late calls of convertible bonds: Theory and evidence," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(7), pages 1349-1374, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Amir Ahmad Dar & Mohammad Shahfaraz Khan & Imran Azad & Amit Kumar Pathak & Gopu Jayaraman, 2024. "Literature review: options and its applications," SN Business & Economics, Springer, vol. 4(8), pages 1-26, August.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. King, Tao-Hsien Dolly & Mauer, David C., 2014. "Determinants of corporate call policy for convertible bonds," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 112-134.
    2. Liu, Liang-Chih & Dai, Tian-Shyr & Wang, Chuan-Ju, 2016. "Evaluating corporate bonds and analyzing claim holders’ decisions with complex debt structure," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 151-174.
    3. Bajo, Emanuele & Barbi, Massimiliano, 2012. "The role of time value in convertible bond call policy," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 550-563.
    4. Agarwal, Vikas & Fung, William H. & Loon, Yee Cheng & Naik, Narayan Y., 2004. "Risk and return in convertible arbitrage: Evidence from the convertible bond market," CFR Working Papers 04-03, University of Cologne, Centre for Financial Research (CFR).
    5. Adoukonou, Olivier & André, Florence & Viviani, Jean-Laurent, 2021. "The determinants of the convertible bonds call policy of Western European companies," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    6. Tian‐Shyr Dai & Chen‐Chiang Fan & Liang‐Chih Liu & Chuan‐Ju Wang & Jr‐Yan Wang, 2022. "A stochastic‐volatility equity‐price tree for pricing convertible bonds with endogenous firm values and default risks determined by the first‐passage default model," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 42(12), pages 2103-2134, December.
    7. Yagi, Kyoko & Takashima, Ryuta, 2012. "The impact of convertible debt financing on investment timing," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 29(6), pages 2407-2416.
    8. Siddiqi, Mazhar A., 2009. "Investigating the effectiveness of convertible bonds in reducing agency costs: A Monte-Carlo approach," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 49(4), pages 1360-1370, November.
    9. Hennessy, Christopher A. & Tserlukevich, Yuri, 2008. "Taxation, agency conflicts, and the choice between callable and convertible debt," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 143(1), pages 374-404, November.
    10. Koziol, Christian & Roßmann, Philipp, 2022. "Contingent convertible bonds: Optimal call strategy and the impact of refinancing," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    11. Bechmann, Ken L. & Lunde, Asger & Zebedee, Allan A., 2014. "In- and out-of-the-money convertible bond calls: Signaling or price pressure?," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 135-148.
    12. Koziol, Christian & Lawrenz, Jochen, 2012. "Contingent convertibles. Solving or seeding the next banking crisis?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(1), pages 90-104.
    13. Christian Koziol & Sebastian Weitz, 2021. "Does model complexity improve pricing accuracy? The case of CoCos," Review of Derivatives Research, Springer, vol. 24(3), pages 261-284, October.
    14. Min Dai & Yue Kwok, 2005. "Optimal policies of call with notice period requirement," Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, Springer;Japanese Association of Financial Economics and Engineering, vol. 12(4), pages 353-373, December.
    15. Jalan, P. & Barone-Adesi, G., 1995. "Equity financing and corporate convertible bond policy," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 19(2), pages 187-206, May.
    16. Agarwal, Vikas & Fung, William H. & Loon, Yee Cheng & Naik, Narayan Y., 2011. "Risk and return in convertible arbitrage: Evidence from the convertible bond market," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 18(2), pages 175-194, March.
    17. Barbara Su, 2023. "Banking practices and borrowing firms’ financial reporting quality: evidence from bank cross-selling," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 28(1), pages 201-236, March.
    18. Yeon‐Koo Che & Kathryn E. Spier, 2008. "Strategic judgment proofing," RAND Journal of Economics, RAND Corporation, vol. 39(4), pages 926-948, December.
    19. Klapper, Leora F. & Love, Inessa, 2004. "Corporate governance, investor protection, and performance in emerging markets," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 10(5), pages 703-728, November.
    20. Hartarska, Valentina M. & Nadolnyak, Denis A., 2012. "Financing Constraints and Access to Credit in Post Crisis Environment: Evidence from New Farmers in Alabama," 2012 Annual Meeting, August 12-14, 2012, Seattle, Washington 124882, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jjrfmx:v:15:y:2022:i:2:p:61-:d:738943. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.