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Reply to “Comment on the ‘Ground Water Chemistry Changes before Major Earthquakes and Possible Effects on Animals’, by R. A. Grant, T. Halliday, W. P. Balderer, F. Leuenberger, M. Newcomer, G. Cyr and F. T. Freund. Int. J. Enviro n . Res. Public Health , 2011, 8 , 1936–1956” from Friedemann Freund, Rachel Grant and Co-Authors

Author

Listed:
  • Friedemann Freund

    (Ames Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Earth Science Division, Code SGE, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA)

  • Rachel A. Grant

    (Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK)

Abstract

We fully agree with Dr. Vassiliki Katsika-Tsigourakou that there is more than one possible explanation for the wide range of electromagnetic (EM) field bioeffects reported in the literature. In order to generate EM fields electric currents need to flow that oscillate. Currents that flow through the ground also generate electrical potentials. Such potentials can lead to electrochemical reactions at ground-water interfaces such as the demonstrated oxidation of water to hydrogen peroxide [1]. EM emissions and electrochemical reactions are therefore manifestations of the same physical process in the natural environment. [...]

Suggested Citation

  • Friedemann Freund & Rachel A. Grant, 2012. "Reply to “Comment on the ‘Ground Water Chemistry Changes before Major Earthquakes and Possible Effects on Animals’, by R. A. Grant, T. Halliday, W. P. Balderer, F. Leuenberger, M. Newcomer, G. Cyr and," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 9(7), pages 1-2, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:9:y:2012:i:7:p:2343-2344:d:18632
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