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Epidemiological Methods: About Time

Author

Listed:
  • Helena Chmura Kraemer

    (Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 1116 Forest Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA
    Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA)

Abstract

Epidemiological studies often produce false positive results due to use of statistical approaches that either ignore or distort time. The three time-related issues of focus in this discussion are: (1) cross-sectional vs. cohort studies, (2) statistical significance vs. public health significance, and (3), how risk factors "work together" to impact public health significance. The issue of time should be central to all thinking in epidemiology research, affecting sampling, measurement, design, analysis and, perhaps most important, the interpretation of results that might influence clinical and public-health decision-making and subsequent clinical research.

Suggested Citation

  • Helena Chmura Kraemer, 2009. "Epidemiological Methods: About Time," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 7(1), pages 1-17, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:7:y:2009:i:1:p:29-45:d:6684
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