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Biological Effects and Safety in Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Review

Author

Listed:
  • Valentina Hartwig

    (ITENI Laboratory, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy)

  • Giulio Giovannetti

    (ITENI Laboratory, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy)

  • Nicola Vanello

    (Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Italy)

  • Massimo Lombardi

    (MRI Laboratory, G. Monasterio Foundation and CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy)

  • Luigi Landini

    (Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Italy)

  • Silvana Simi

    (Cell Biology and Cytogenetics Unit, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy)

Abstract

Since the introduction of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) as a diagnostic technique, the number of people exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMF) has increased dramatically. In this review, based on the results of a pioneer study showing in vitro and in vivo genotoxic effects of MRI scans, we report an updated survey about the effects of non-ionizing EMF employed in MRI, relevant for patients’ and workers’ safety. While the whole data does not confirm a risk hypothesis, it suggests a need for further studies and prudent use in order to avoid unnecessary examinations, according to the precautionary principle.

Suggested Citation

  • Valentina Hartwig & Giulio Giovannetti & Nicola Vanello & Massimo Lombardi & Luigi Landini & Silvana Simi, 2009. "Biological Effects and Safety in Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 6(6), pages 1-21, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:6:y:2009:i:6:p:1778-1798:d:5168
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jolanta Karpowicz & Maila Hietanen & Krzysztof Gryz, 2007. "Occupational risk from static magnetic fields of MRI scanners," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 27(4), pages 533-538, December.
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    Cited by:

    1. Harun R. Gungor & Semih Akkaya & Nusret Ok & Aygun Yorukoglu & Cagdas Yorukoglu & Esat Kiter & Emin O. Oguz & Nazan Keskin & Gulcin A. Mete, 2015. "Chronic Exposure to Static Magnetic Fields from Magnetic Resonance Imaging Devices Deserves Screening for Osteoporosis and Vitamin D Levels: A Rat Model," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-14, July.

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