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The Contribution of Legionella anisa to Legionella Contamination of Water in the Built Environment

Author

Listed:
  • Brian Crook

    (Science and Research Centre, Health and Safety Executive, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK)

  • Charlotte Young

    (Science and Research Centre, Health and Safety Executive, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK)

  • Ceri Rideout

    (Specialist Division Occupational Hygiene, Health and Safety Executive, Cardiff CF10 1EP, UK)

  • Duncan Smith

    (Specialist Division Health Unit, Health and Safety Executive, Newcastle upon Tyne NE98 1YX, UK)

Abstract

Legionella bacteria can proliferate in poorly maintained water systems, posing risks to users. All Legionella species are potentially pathogenic, but Legionella pneumophila ( L. pneumophila ) is usually the primary focus of testing. However, Legionella anisa ( L. anisa ) also colonizes water distribution systems, is frequently found with L. pneumophila , and could be a good indicator for increased risk of nosocomial infection. Anonymized data from three commercial Legionella testing laboratories afforded an analysis of 565,750 water samples. The data covered July 2019 to August 2021, including the COVID-19 pandemic. The results confirmed that L. anisa commonly colonizes water distribution systems, being the most frequently identified non- L. pneumophila species. The proportions of L. anisa and L. pneumophila generally remained similar, but increases in L. pneumophila during COVID-19 lockdown suggest static water supplies might favor its growth. Disinfection of hospital water systems was effective, but re-colonization did occur, appearing to favor L. pneumophila ; however, L. anisa colony numbers also increased as a proportion of the total. While L. pneumophila remains the main species of concern as a risk to human health, L. anisa ’s role should not be underestimated, either as a potential infection risk or as an indicator of the need to intervene to control Legionella ’s colonization of water supplies.

Suggested Citation

  • Brian Crook & Charlotte Young & Ceri Rideout & Duncan Smith, 2024. "The Contribution of Legionella anisa to Legionella Contamination of Water in the Built Environment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(8), pages 1-16, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:21:y:2024:i:8:p:1101-:d:1460246
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Luna Girolamini & Silvano Salaris & Jessica Lizzadro & Marta Mazzotta & Maria Rosaria Pascale & Tiziana Pellati & Sandra Cristino, 2020. "How Molecular Typing Can Support Legionella Environmental Surveillance in Hot Water Distribution Systems: A Hospital Experience," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-17, November.
    2. Søren A. Uldum & Lars G. Schjoldager & Sharmin Baig & Kelsie Cassell, 2022. "A Tale of Four Danish Cities: Legionella pneumophila Diversity in Domestic Hot Water and Spatial Variations in Disease Incidence," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-18, February.
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