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Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the Nipple: Epidemiological, Clinical, Pathophysiological, and Therapeutic Characterization

Author

Listed:
  • Thaís Gomes Moreira

    (School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Cariri (UFCA), Barbalha 63048-080, Ceará, Brazil)

  • Giovana Mamede Castro

    (School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Cariri (UFCA), Barbalha 63048-080, Ceará, Brazil)

  • Jucier Gonçalves Júnior

    (School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Cariri (UFCA), Barbalha 63048-080, Ceará, Brazil)

Abstract

Raynaud’s phenomenon of the nipple is a possible cause of pain and breastfeeding cessation in lactating women. However, there are still few studies on the characterization of this manifestation. Thus, we aim to develop a systematic review of the literature carried out between January 1992 and January 2024 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Virtual Health Library (VHL), and Portal de Periódicos da CAPES. Of the 438 articles, 19 met the eligibility criteria. The findings were divided by heuristic questions into two groups: “Epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinical characterization of Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the nipple” and “Treatment of Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the nipple”. Raynaud’s phenomenon of the nipple is commonly primary, being more prevalent in the postpartum period, in women with a mean age of 32 years. The main triggers appear to be stress and temperature change. Generally, it is associated with a change in color and pain during breastfeeding. A calcium channel blocker was the most used medication with or without non-pharmacological measures.

Suggested Citation

  • Thaís Gomes Moreira & Giovana Mamede Castro & Jucier Gonçalves Júnior, 2024. "Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the Nipple: Epidemiological, Clinical, Pathophysiological, and Therapeutic Characterization," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(7), pages 1-10, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:21:y:2024:i:7:p:849-:d:1425093
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