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Human Health Effects of Oral Exposure to Chromium: A Systematic Review of the Epidemiological Evidence

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  • Eleni Sazakli

    (Lab of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, GR 26504 Patras, Greece)

Abstract

The toxicity and carcinogenicity of hexavalent chromium via the inhalation route is well established. However, a scientific debate has arisen about the potential effects of oral exposure to chromium on human health. Epidemiological studies evaluating the connection between ingested chromium and adverse health effects on the general population are limited. In recent years, a wealth of biomonitoring studies has emerged evaluating the associations between chromium levels in body fluids and tissues and health outcomes. This systematic review brings together epidemiological and biomonitoring evidence published over the past decade on the health effects of the general population related to oral exposure to chromium. In total, 65 studies were reviewed. There appears to be an inverse association between prenatal chromium exposure and normal fetal development. In adults, parameters of oxidative stress and biochemical alterations increase in response to chromium exposure, while effects on normal renal function are conflicting. Risks of urothelial carcinomas cannot be overlooked. However, findings regarding internal chromium concentrations and abnormalities in various tissues and systems are, in most cases, controversial. Environmental monitoring together with large cohort studies and biomonitoring with multiple biomarkers could fill the scientific gap.

Suggested Citation

  • Eleni Sazakli, 2024. "Human Health Effects of Oral Exposure to Chromium: A Systematic Review of the Epidemiological Evidence," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(4), pages 1-34, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:21:y:2024:i:4:p:406-:d:1365067
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Eleni Sazakli & Cristina M. Villanueva & Manolis Kogevinas & Kyriakos Maltezis & Athanasia Mouzaki & Michalis Leotsinidis, 2014. "Chromium in Drinking Water: Association with Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-21, September.
    2. Germán Sánchez-Díaz & Francisco Escobar & Hannah Badland & Greta Arias-Merino & Manuel Posada de la Paz & Verónica Alonso-Ferreira, 2018. "Geographic Analysis of Motor Neuron Disease Mortality and Heavy Metals Released to Rivers in Spain," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-10, November.
    3. Jakyung Son & J. Steven Morris & Kyong Park, 2018. "Toenail Chromium Concentration and Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-9, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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