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Stress and the City: Mental Health in Urbanized vs. Rural Areas in Salzburg, Austria

Author

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  • Vanessa Natalie Frey

    (Department of Neurology, Neurointensive Care and Neurorehabilitation, European Reference Network EpiCARE, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria)

  • Patrick Benjamin Langthaler

    (Department of Neurology, Neurointensive Care and Neurorehabilitation, European Reference Network EpiCARE, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
    Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Interfaces, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
    Team Biostatistics and Big Medical Data, IDA Lab Salzburg, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria)

  • Martin Josef Huf

    (Department of Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT—University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, 6060 Tyrol, Austria)

  • Günter Gruber

    (Research Studio iSPACE, Research Studios Austria Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, 5020 Salzburg, Austria)

  • Thomas Prinz

    (Research Studio iSPACE, Research Studios Austria Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
    Team Space & Mobility, IDA Lab Salzburg Paris Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria)

  • Ludmilla Kedenko

    (Department of Internal Medicine, St. Johanns University Hospital, Private Medical University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria)

  • Bernhard Iglseder

    (Department of Geriatric Medicine, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria)

  • Bernhard Paulweber

    (Department of Internal Medicine, St. Johanns University Hospital, Private Medical University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria)

  • Eugen Trinka

    (Department of Neurology, Neurointensive Care and Neurorehabilitation, European Reference Network EpiCARE, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
    Department of Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT—University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, 6060 Tyrol, Austria)

Abstract

Background: Living in the city is associated with a higher risk of suffering from stress, anxiety, and depression. Due to an increase of migration to the city, the association between mental health and city life is highly relevant to society. Methods: We analyzed data of 9573 participants (Ø 55.3 years, SD = 7.4) of the Paracelsus 10,000 study (Salzburg, Austria) who were classified into having or not having depressive symptoms. Population density, green space, and noise around the home address of the participants were collected and tested for correlations with mental health defined by depressive symptoms. We additionally tested whether migration status influenced the effect of urbanization on mental health. Results: There is a positive correlation between degree of urbanization and the probability of suffering from depressive symptoms ( p = 0.011), yet this effect is independent of the migration background ( p = 0.581). Participants in areas with high residential density were significantly more likely to suffer from poor mental health ( p = 0.006 unadjusted). No significant association could be found between mental health and noise ( p = 0.126 unadjusted) or green space neither regarding distance to closest green space ( p = 0.549 unadjusted), nor size of green space ( p = 0.549 unadjusted). Conclusions: In the Paracelsus 10,000 cohort, living in the city is associated with lower mental health, especially in participants with a high population density in the direct neighborhood. This might be due to social stress yet does not reflect minority stress in migrants. However, the influence of noise pollution and green space on mental health is limited in this cohort.

Suggested Citation

  • Vanessa Natalie Frey & Patrick Benjamin Langthaler & Martin Josef Huf & Günter Gruber & Thomas Prinz & Ludmilla Kedenko & Bernhard Iglseder & Bernhard Paulweber & Eugen Trinka, 2024. "Stress and the City: Mental Health in Urbanized vs. Rural Areas in Salzburg, Austria," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(11), pages 1-20, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:21:y:2024:i:11:p:1459-:d:1511885
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    References listed on IDEAS

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