IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v20y2023i6p5059-d1095890.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Investigation of the Solubility of Elemental Sulfur (S) in Sulfur-Containing Natural Gas with Machine Learning Methods

Author

Listed:
  • Yuchen Wang

    (School of Management, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China)

  • Zhengshan Luo

    (School of Management, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China)

  • Jihao Luo

    (School of Computer Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China)

  • Yiqiong Gao

    (School of Management, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China)

  • Yulei Kong

    (School of Management, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China)

  • Qingqing Wang

    (School of Management, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China)

Abstract

Some natural gases are toxic because they contain hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S). The solubility pattern of elemental sulfur (S) in toxic natural gas needs to be studied for environmental protection and life safety. Some methods (e.g., experiments) may pose safety risks. Measuring sulfur solubility using a machine learning (ML) method is fast and accurate. Considering the limited experimental data on sulfur solubility, this study used consensus nested cross-validation (cnCV) to obtain more information. The global search capability and learning efficiency of random forest (RF) and weighted least squares support vector machine (WLSSVM) models were enhanced via a whale optimization–genetic algorithm (WOA-GA). Hence, the WOA-GA-RF and WOA-GA-WLSSVM models were developed to accurately predict the solubility of sulfur and reveal its variation pattern. WOA-GA-RF outperformed six other similar models (e.g., RF model) and six other published studies (e.g., the model designed by Roberts et al.). Using the generic positional oligomer importance matrix (gPOIM), this study visualized the contribution of variables affecting sulfur solubility. The results show that temperature, pressure, and H 2 S content all have positive effects on sulfur solubility. Sulfur solubility significantly increases when the H 2 S content exceeds 10%, and other conditions (temperature, pressure) remain the same.

Suggested Citation

  • Yuchen Wang & Zhengshan Luo & Jihao Luo & Yiqiong Gao & Yulei Kong & Qingqing Wang, 2023. "Investigation of the Solubility of Elemental Sulfur (S) in Sulfur-Containing Natural Gas with Machine Learning Methods," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(6), pages 1-21, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:6:p:5059-:d:1095890
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/6/5059/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/6/5059/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Yue Wang & Shanjiang Liu & Wentao Xue & He Guo & Xinrong Li & Guoyuan Zou & Tongke Zhao & Hongmin Dong, 2019. "The Characteristics of Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulfur Transformation During Cattle Manure Composting—Based on Different Aeration Strategies," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-18, October.
    2. Noemí DeCastro-García & Ángel Luis Muñoz Castañeda & David Escudero García & Miguel V. Carriegos, 2019. "Effect of the Sampling of a Dataset in the Hyperparameter Optimization Phase over the Efficiency of a Machine Learning Algorithm," Complexity, Hindawi, vol. 2019, pages 1-16, February.
    3. Valentine A. Chanturiya & Eugenia A. Krasavtseva & Dmitriy V. Makarov, 2022. "Electrochemistry of Sulfides: Process and Environmental Aspects," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-23, September.
    4. Junqi Zhu & Li Yang & Xue Wang & Haotian Zheng & Mengdi Gu & Shanshan Li & Xin Fang, 2022. "Risk Assessment of Deep Coal and Gas Outbursts Based on IQPSO-SVM," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-22, October.
    5. Shiyuan Ding & Yingying Chen & Qinkai Li & Xiao-Dong Li, 2022. "Using Stable Sulfur Isotope to Trace Sulfur Oxidation Pathways during the Winter of 2017–2019 in Tianjin, North China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-12, September.
    6. Odey Alshboul & Ali Shehadeh & Rabia Emhamed Al Mamlook & Ghassan Almasabha & Ali Saeed Almuflih & Saleh Y. Alghamdi, 2022. "Prediction Liquidated Damages via Ensemble Machine Learning Model: Towards Sustainable Highway Construction Projects," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-23, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Yermek Abilmazhinov & Kapan Shakerkhan & Vladimir Meshechkin & Yerzhan Shayakhmetov & Nurzhan Nurgaliyev & Anuarbek Suychinov, 2023. "Mathematical Modeling for Evaluating the Sustainability of Biogas Generation through Anaerobic Digestion of Livestock Waste," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-14, March.
    2. Yongyun Zhang & Min Gao & Xi Sun & Baoling Liang & Cuizhi Sun & Qibin Sun & Xue Ni & Hengjia Ou & Shixin Mai & Shengzhen Zhou & Jun Zhao, 2024. "The Isotopic Characteristics, Sources, and Formation Pathways of Atmospheric Sulfate and Nitrate in the South China Sea," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-18, October.
    3. Truong Ngoc Cuong & Sam-Sang You & Le Ngoc Bao Long & Hwan-Seong Kim, 2022. "Seaport Resilience Analysis and Throughput Forecast Using a Deep Learning Approach: A Case Study of Busan Port," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-25, October.
    4. Haotian Zheng & Shulei Shi & Bingyou Jiang & Yuannan Zheng & Shanshan Li & Haoyu Wang, 2022. "Research on Coal Dust Wettability Identification Based on GA–BP Model," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-18, December.
    5. Ángel Luis Muñoz Castañeda & Noemí DeCastro-García & David Escudero García, 2021. "RHOASo: An Early Stop Hyper-Parameter Optimization Algorithm," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(18), pages 1-52, September.
    6. Shuheng Zhong & Dan Lin, 2022. "Evaluation of the Coordination Degree of Coal and Gas Co-Mining System Based on System Dynamics," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-14, December.
    7. Ufuk Sanver & Aydin Yesildirek, 2023. "An Autonomous Marine Mucilage Monitoring System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-28, February.
    8. Lichen Su & Jinlong Ouyang & Li Yang, 2023. "Mixed-Mode Ventilation Based on Adjustable Air Velocity for Energy Benefits in Residential Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-17, March.
    9. Goran Savić & Milan Segedinac & Zora Konjović & Milan Vidaković & Radoslav Dutina, 2023. "Towards a Domain-Neutral Platform for Sustainable Digital Twin Development," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-23, September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:6:p:5059-:d:1095890. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.