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The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown Measures and COVID-19 Infection on Cognitive Functions: A Review in Healthy and Neurological Populations

Author

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  • Alessio Manfredini

    (Department of Humanities Studies, University Federico II, 80133 Naples, Italy
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Francesca Pisano

    (Department of Humanities Studies, University Federico II, 80133 Naples, Italy
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Chiara Incoccia

    (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy)

  • Paola Marangolo

    (Department of Humanities Studies, University Federico II, 80133 Naples, Italy)

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic severely affected people’s mental health all over the world. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the literature related to the effects of COVID-19 lockdown measures and COVID-19 infection on cognitive functioning in both healthy people and people with neurological conditions by considering only standardized tests. We performed a narrative review of the literature via two databases, PUBMED and SCOPUS, from December 2019 to December 2022. In total, 62 out of 1356 articles were selected and organized into three time periods: short-term (1–4 months), medium-term (5–8 months), and long-term (9–12 months), according to the time in which the tests were performed. Regardless of the time period, most studies showed a general worsening in cognitive performance in people with neurological conditions due to COVID-19 lockdown measures and in healthy individuals recovered from COVID-19 infection. Our review is the first to highlight the importance of considering standardized tests as reliable measures to quantify the presence of cognitive deficits due to COVID-19. Indeed, we believe that they provide an objective measure of the cognitive difficulties encountered in the different populations, while allowing clinicians to plan rehabilitation treatments that can be of great help to many patients who still, nowadays, experience post-COVID-19 symptoms.

Suggested Citation

  • Alessio Manfredini & Francesca Pisano & Chiara Incoccia & Paola Marangolo, 2023. "The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown Measures and COVID-19 Infection on Cognitive Functions: A Review in Healthy and Neurological Populations," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(6), pages 1-19, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:6:p:4889-:d:1093351
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Martina Cacciatore & Alberto Raggi & Andrea Pilotto & Viviana Cristillo & Erika Guastafierro & Claudia Toppo & Francesca G. Magnani & Davide Sattin & Arianna Mariniello & Fabiola Silvaggi & Stefano Co, 2022. "Neurological and Mental Health Symptoms Associated with Post-COVID-19 Disability in a Sample of Patients Discharged from a COVID-19 Ward: A Secondary Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-10, April.
    2. Francesca Pisano & Alessio Manfredini & Daniela Brachi & Luana Landi & Lucia Sorrentino & Marianna Bottone & Chiara Incoccia & Paola Marangolo, 2022. "How Has COVID-19 Impacted Our Language Use?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-10, October.
    3. Giacomo Tondo & Barbara Sarasso & Paola Serra & Fabiana Tesser & Cristoforo Comi, 2021. "The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Cognition of People with Dementia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-11, April.
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