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Smoking Bans and Circulatory System Disease Mortality Reduction in Macao (China): Using GRA Models

Author

Listed:
  • Xinxin Peng

    (School of Business, Macao University of Science and Technology, Macao 999078, China
    School of Management, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China)

  • Xiaolei Tang

    (School of Business, Macao University of Science and Technology, Macao 999078, China)

  • Jing Hua Zhang

    (School of Business, Macao University of Science and Technology, Macao 999078, China)

  • Yijun Chen

    (Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China)

Abstract

This study evaluates the association between smoking rates and mortality from circulatory system diseases (CSD) after implementing a series of smoking bans in Macao (China). (1) Background: Macao phased in strict total smoking bans since 2012. During the past decade, smoking rates among Macao women have dropped by half. CSD mortalities in Macao also show a declining trend. (2) Method: Grey relational analysis (GRA) models were adopted to rank the importance of some key factors, such as income per capita, physician density, and smoking rates. Additionally, regressions were performed with the bootstrapping method. (3) Results: Overall, smoking rate was ranked as the most important factor affecting CSD mortality among the Macao population. It consistently remains the primary factor among Macao’s female population. Each year, on average 5 CSD-caused deaths were avoided among every 100,000 women, equivalent to about 11.45% of the mean annual CSD mortality. (4) Conclusions: After the implementation of smoking bans in Macao, the decrease in smoking rate among women plays a primary role in the reduction in CSD mortality. To avoid excess CSD mortality due to smoking, Macao needs to continue to promote smoking cessation among the male population.

Suggested Citation

  • Xinxin Peng & Xiaolei Tang & Jing Hua Zhang & Yijun Chen, 2023. "Smoking Bans and Circulatory System Disease Mortality Reduction in Macao (China): Using GRA Models," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-14, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:5:p:4516-:d:1086831
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Huimin, Liu, 2013. "The impact of human behavior on ecological threshold: Positive or negative?—Grey relational analysis of ecological footprint, energy consumption and environmental protection," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 711-719.
    2. Zhang, Jing Hua & Tam, Kwo Ping & Zhou, Nan, 2016. "Do smoking bans always hurt the gaming industry? Differentiated impacts on the market value of casino firms in Macao," Economics - The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal (2007-2020), Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel), vol. 10, pages 1-32.
    3. Zhang, Jing Hua & Tam, Kwo Ping & Zhou, Nan, 2016. "Do smoking bans always hurt the gaming industry? Differentiated impacts on the market value of casino firms in Macao (China)," Economics Discussion Papers 2016-21, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    4. Diogo Cunha Ferreira & Alexandre Morais Nunes & Rui Cunha Marques, 2020. "Operational efficiency vs clinical safety, care appropriateness, timeliness, and access to health care," Journal of Productivity Analysis, Springer, vol. 53(3), pages 355-375, June.
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