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Music Alters Conscious Distance Monitoring without Changing Pacing and Performance during a Cycling Time Trial

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  • Gustavo C. Vasconcelos

    (Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil
    PhD Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 11015-020, Brazil)

  • Cayque Brietzke

    (Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil
    PhD Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 11015-020, Brazil)

  • Paulo E. Franco-Alvarenga

    (Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil
    PhD Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 11015-020, Brazil
    Department of Physical Education, Estácio de Sá University, Resende 27515-010, Brazil)

  • Florentina J. Hettinga

    (Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, London E1 7HT, UK)

  • Flávio O. Pires

    (Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil
    PhD Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 11015-020, Brazil
    PhD Program in Sciences of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil)

Abstract

Athletes use their own perception to monitor distance and regulate their pace during exercise, avoiding premature fatigue before the endpoint. On the other hand, they may also listen to music while training and exercising. Given the potential role of music as a distractor, we verified if music influenced the athletes’ ability to monitor the distance covered during a 20-km cycling time trial (TT20km). We hypothesized that music would elongate cyclists’ perceived distance due to reduced attentional focus on exercise-derived signals, which would also change their ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). We also expected that the motivational role of music would also be beneficial in pacing and performance. After familiarization sessions, ten recreational cyclists performed an in-laboratory TT20km while either listening to music or not (control). They reported their RPE, associative thoughts to exercise (ATE), and motivation when they each perceived they had completed 2-km. Power output and heart rate (HR) were continuously recorded. Cyclists elongated their distance perception with music, increasing the distance covered for each perceived 2 km ( p = 0.003). However, music reduced the error of conscious distance monitoring ( p = 0.021), pushing the perceived distance towards the actual distance. Music increased the actual distance–RPE relationship ( p = 0.004) and reduced ATE ( p < 0.001). However, music affected neither performance assessed as mean power output ( p = 0.564) and time ( p = 0.524) nor psychophysiological responses such as HR ( p = 0.066), RPE ( p = 0.069), and motivation ( p = 0.515). Cyclists elongated their distance perception during the TT20km and changed the actual distance–RPE relationship, which is likely due to a music-distractive effect. Although there was a reduced error of conscious distance monitoring, music affected neither pacing nor performance.

Suggested Citation

  • Gustavo C. Vasconcelos & Cayque Brietzke & Paulo E. Franco-Alvarenga & Florentina J. Hettinga & Flávio O. Pires, 2023. "Music Alters Conscious Distance Monitoring without Changing Pacing and Performance during a Cycling Time Trial," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-11, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:5:p:3890-:d:1076596
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sylvia Binkley & Carl Foster & Cristina Cortis & Jos J. de Koning & Christopher Dodge & Scott T. Doberstein & Andrea Fusco & Salvador J. Jaime & John P. Porcari, 2021. "Summated Hazard Score as a Powerful Predictor of Fatigue in Relation to Pacing Strategy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-14, February.
    2. Jianfeng Wu & Lingyan Zhang & Hongchun Yang & Chunfu Lu & Lu Jiang & Yuyun Chen, 2022. "The Effect of Music Tempo on Fatigue Perception at Different Exercise Intensities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-18, March.
    3. Marc Leman & Dirk Moelants & Matthias Varewyck & Frederik Styns & Leon van Noorden & Jean-Pierre Martens, 2013. "Activating and Relaxing Music Entrains the Speed of Beat Synchronized Walking," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(7), pages 1-11, July.
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