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Modulatory Effect of Lifestyle-Related, Environmental and Genetic Factors on Paraoxonase-1 Activity: A Review

Author

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  • Dominika Kunachowicz

    (Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Division of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50–556 Wrocław, Poland)

  • Milena Ściskalska

    (Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Division of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50–556 Wrocław, Poland)

  • Marta Kepinska

    (Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Division of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50–556 Wrocław, Poland)

Abstract

Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is a calcium-dependent, HDL-bound serum hydrolase active toward a wide variety of substrates. PON1 displays three types of activities, among which lactonase, paraoxonase, arylesterase and phosphotriesterase can be distinguished. Not only is this enzyme a major organophosphate compound detoxifier, but it is also an important constituent of the cellular antioxidant system and has anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic functions. The concentration and activity of PON1 is highly variable among individuals, and these differences can be both of genetic origin and be a subject of epigenetic regulation. Owing to the fact that, in recent decades, the exposure of humans to an increasing number of different xenobiotics has been continuously rising, the issues concerning the role and activity of PON1 shall be reconsidered with particular attention to growing pharmaceuticals intake, dietary habits and environmental awareness. In the following manuscript, the current state of knowledge concerning the influence of certain modifiable and unmodifiable factors, including smoking, alcohol intake, gender, age and genotype variation on PON1 activity, along with pathways through which these could interfere with the enzyme’s protective functions, is presented and discussed. Since exposure to certain xenobiotics plays a key role in PON1 activity, the influence of organophosphates, heavy metals and several pharmaceutical agents is also specified.

Suggested Citation

  • Dominika Kunachowicz & Milena Ściskalska & Marta Kepinska, 2023. "Modulatory Effect of Lifestyle-Related, Environmental and Genetic Factors on Paraoxonase-1 Activity: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-36, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:4:p:2813-:d:1058404
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Diana M. Shih & Lingjie Gu & Yu-Rong Xia & Mohamad Navab & Wan-Fen Li & Susan Hama & Lawrence W. Castellani & Clement E. Furlong & Lucio G. Costa & Alan M. Fogelman & Aldons J. Lusis, 1998. "Mice lacking serum paraoxonase are susceptible to organophosphate toxicity and atherosclerosis," Nature, Nature, vol. 394(6690), pages 284-287, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Lea Steele & Clement E. Furlong & Rebecca J. Richter & Judit Marsillach & Patricia A. Janulewicz & Maxine H. Krengel & Nancy G. Klimas & Kimberly Sullivan & Linda L. Chao, 2024. "PON1 Status in Relation to Gulf War Illness: Evidence of Gene–Exposure Interactions from a Multisite Case–Control Study of 1990–1991 Gulf War Veterans," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(8), pages 1-19, July.

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