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Detailed Speciation of Semi-Volatile and Intermediate-Volatility Organic Compounds (S/IVOCs) in Marine Fuel Oils Using GC × GC-MS

Author

Listed:
  • Rongzhi Tang

    (School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
    Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
    School of Environment and Materials Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264003, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Kai Song

    (State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Beijing 100871, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Yuanzheng Gong

    (State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Beijing 100871, China)

  • Dezun Sheng

    (School of Environment and Materials Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264003, China)

  • Yuan Zhang

    (State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Beijing 100871, China)

  • Ang Li

    (China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC), Beijing 100176, China)

  • Shuyuan Yan

    (China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC), Beijing 100176, China)

  • Shichao Yan

    (China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC), Beijing 100176, China)

  • Jingshun Zhang

    (Department of Investigation Shanghai Police College, Shanghai 200137, China)

  • Yu Tan

    (School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China)

  • Song Guo

    (State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Beijing 100871, China)

Abstract

Ship emissions contribute substantial air pollutants when at berth. However, the complexity and diversity of the marine fuels utilized hinder our understanding and mapping of the characteristics of ship emissions. Herein, we applied GC × GC-MS to analyze the components of marine fuel oils. Owing to the high separation capacity of GC × GC-MS, 11 classes of organic compounds, including b -alkanes, alkenes, and cyclo-alkanes, which can hardly be resolved by traditional one-dimensional GC-MS, were detected. Significant differences are observed between light (-10# and 0#) and heavy (120# and 180#) fuels. Notably, -10# and 0# diesel fuels are more abundant in b -alkanes (44~49%), while in 120# and 180#, heavy fuels b -alkanes only account for 8%. Significant enhancement of naphthalene proportions is observed in heavy fuels (20%) compared to diesel fuels (2~3%). Hopanes are detected in all marine fuels and are especially abundant in heavy marine fuels. The volatility bins, one-dimensional volatility-based set (VBS), and two-dimensional VBS (volatility-polarity distributions) of marine fuel oils are investigated. Although IVOCs still take dominance (62–66%), the proportion of SVOCs in heavy marine fuels is largely enhanced, accounting for ~30% compared to 6~12% in diesel fuels. Furthermore, the SVOC/IVOC ratio could be applied to distinguish light and heavy marine fuel oils. The SVOC/IVOC ratios for -10# diesel fuel, 0# diesel fuel, 120# heavy marine fuel, and 180# heavy marine fuel are 0.085 ± 0.046, 0.168 ± 0.159, 0.504, and 0.439 ± 0.021, respectively. Our work provides detailed information on marine fuel compositions and could be further implemented in estimating organic emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from marine fuel storage and evaporation processes.

Suggested Citation

  • Rongzhi Tang & Kai Song & Yuanzheng Gong & Dezun Sheng & Yuan Zhang & Ang Li & Shuyuan Yan & Shichao Yan & Jingshun Zhang & Yu Tan & Song Guo, 2023. "Detailed Speciation of Semi-Volatile and Intermediate-Volatility Organic Compounds (S/IVOCs) in Marine Fuel Oils Using GC × GC-MS," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-11, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:3:p:2508-:d:1052206
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jin, Chao & Sun, Tianyun & Ampah, Jeffrey Dankwa & Liu, Xin & Geng, Zhenlong & Afrane, Sandylove & Yusuf, Abdulfatah Abdu & Liu, Haifeng, 2022. "Comparative study on synthetic and biological surfactants’ role in phase behavior and fuel properties of marine heavy fuel oil-low carbon alcohol blends under different temperatures," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 841-852.
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