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Analysis of Cannabinoids in Biological Specimens: An Update

Author

Listed:
  • Mónica Antunes

    (CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilha, Portugal
    Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Delegação do Sul, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa 3, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal)

  • Mário Barroso

    (Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Delegação do Sul, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa 3, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal)

  • Eugenia Gallardo

    (CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilha, Portugal
    Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-284 Covilha, Portugal)

Abstract

Cannabinoids are still the most consumed drugs of abuse worldwide. Despite being considered less harmful to human health, particularly if compared with opiates or cocaine, cannabis consumption has important medico-legal and public health consequences. For this reason, the development and optimization of sensitive analytical methods that allow the determination of these compounds in different biological specimens is important, involving relevant efforts from laboratories. This paper will discuss cannabis consumption; toxicokinetics, the most detected compounds in biological samples; and characteristics of the latter. In addition, a comprehensive review of extraction methods and analytical tools available for cannabinoid detection in selected biological specimens will be reviewed. Important issues such as pitfalls and cut-off values will be considered.

Suggested Citation

  • Mónica Antunes & Mário Barroso & Eugenia Gallardo, 2023. "Analysis of Cannabinoids in Biological Specimens: An Update," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-36, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:3:p:2312-:d:1049078
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Tom Smith, 2018. "From the Editor," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 58(1), pages 5-10, March.
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