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School-Based Nutrition Programs in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: A Systematic Review

Author

Listed:
  • Ayoub Al-Jawaldeh

    (Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (EMRO), World Health Organization (WHO), Cairo 11371, Egypt)

  • Dana Matbouli

    (Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon)

  • Sarah Diab

    (Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon)

  • Mandy Taktouk

    (Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon)

  • Leila Hojeij

    (Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon)

  • Sally Naalbandian

    (Science and Agriculture Library, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon)

  • Lara Nasreddine

    (Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon)

Abstract

This systematic review aims at documenting government-led school nutrition programs/interventions in countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). A systematic review of the available literature on this topic was conducted between 25 October 2022 and 15 November 2022 using 15 electronic databases as well as grey literature. The search was limited to materials published post 2000 in English, Arabic, or French. Articles/Reports were included in the review if they provided information on school-based nutrition programs/interventions developed, adopted or implemented by a governmental entity in the EMR countries, irrespective of study design. In total, 158 documents were retained until 16 May 2023. School-based programs/interventions were categorized into 13 types. In total, 298 school-based nutrition programs/interventions were identified. The most common were school meals and school feeding programs (all EMR countries) followed by nutrition education within the curriculum (77% of countries), extracurricular nutrition education (64%), standards for school canteens or foods/beverages available in schools (64%), and training of school staff (59%). Approximately half reported the inclusion of fruit and vegetable schemes (54%) or the establishment of hygienic cooking facilities (50%), while less than half reported standards for the marketing of food/beverages (45%), bans/standards for vending machines, milk feeding schemes, or micronutrient supplementation programs (41%). The least common interventions were school gardens (32%) and take-home rations (14%). Countries with the lowest gross domestic product and lowest government effectiveness score had the lowest number of programs/interventions. Many of the programs have tackled both school-aged children as well as preschoolers. We were able to identify monitoring and process evaluation for 21 programs in 14 countries. Few programs have undergone impact assessment.

Suggested Citation

  • Ayoub Al-Jawaldeh & Dana Matbouli & Sarah Diab & Mandy Taktouk & Leila Hojeij & Sally Naalbandian & Lara Nasreddine, 2023. "School-Based Nutrition Programs in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(22), pages 1-28, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:22:p:7047-:d:1277621
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Halleröd, Björn & Rothstein, Bo & Daoud, Adel & Nandy, Shailen, 2013. "Bad Governance and Poor Children: A Comparative Analysis of Government Efficiency and Severe Child Deprivation in 68 Low- and Middle-income Countries," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 19-31.
    3. Cayley E. Velazquez & Jennifer L. Black & Monique Potvin Kent, 2017. "Food and Beverage Marketing in Schools: A Review of the Evidence," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-15, September.
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