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Risk Assessment of Depression amongst Women during Menopause before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic

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  • Agnieszka Kułak-Bejda

    (Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Białystok, 15-272 Białystok, Poland)

  • Katarzyna Krajewska-Ferishah

    (Department of Integrated Medical Care, Medical University of Białystok, 15-096 Białystok, Poland)

  • Agnieszka Szyszko-Perłowska

    (Department of Integrated Medical Care, Medical University of Białystok, 15-096 Białystok, Poland)

  • Napoleon Waszkiewicz

    (Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Białystok, 15-272 Białystok, Poland)

Abstract

During menopause, the risk of depression is 2–5 times greater than pre- or post-menopause. To assess the risk of depression amongst menopausal women in 2006, compared with 2021 (i.e., during the COVID-19 pandemic), we recruited female volunteers at least 40 years old to complete the menopause rating scale (MRS), the Blatt–Kupperman menopausal index (BKMI), and the Beck depression inventory. Compared with 2006, in 2021, the number of participants who experienced mild, moderate, and severe menopausal symptoms rose by 8%, 1.9%, and 3.2%, respectively. Moreover, the frequency of using hormone replacement therapy rose by 5.1%, feelings of mistrust by 16%, feelings of guilt by 11%, disposition to cry by 25%, mood swings by 12%, and suicidal ideation by 9%, whilst the average body weight and body mass index fell by 5.1 kg and 2.3%, respectively. In 2006 and 2021, 46.3% and 59.3% of participants experienced moderate depression, whereas 3.0% and 5.2% experienced severe depression. The number of participants who denied needing support during menopause decreased by 14.6%, whereas the demand for support from husbands and friends increased by 18.3% and 9.8%, respectively. In 2021, the number of participants who experienced menopausal symptoms, a loss of trust, self-blame, a tendency to cry, mood swings, suicidal ideation, and anxiety also increased compared with 2006, whilst the number of participants without depressive symptoms decreased, but with suspected mild or severe depression increased. Last, menopausal complaints caused an increase in depressive mood in 2021, as evaluated using the BKMI and MRS.

Suggested Citation

  • Agnieszka Kułak-Bejda & Katarzyna Krajewska-Ferishah & Agnieszka Szyszko-Perłowska & Napoleon Waszkiewicz, 2022. "Risk Assessment of Depression amongst Women during Menopause before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-10, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2022:i:1:p:596-:d:1019323
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Folkman, Susan & Lazarus, Richard S., 1988. "The relationship between coping and emotion: Implications for theory and research," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 26(3), pages 309-317, January.
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    Keywords

    menopause; depression; 2006; 2021;
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