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Current Situation of Palytoxins and Cyclic Imines in Asia-Pacific Countries: Causative Phytoplankton Species and Seafood Poisoning

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  • Young-Sang Kim

    (Laboratory of Marine Bioresource Technology, Department of Marine Life Science, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63243, Korea
    Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63333, Korea)

  • Hyun-Joo An

    (Asia Glycomics Reference Site, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
    Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea)

  • Jaeseong Kim

    (Water and Eco-Bio Corporation, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Korea)

  • You-Jin Jeon

    (Laboratory of Marine Bioresource Technology, Department of Marine Life Science, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63243, Korea
    Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63333, Korea)

Abstract

Among marine biotoxins, palytoxins (PlTXs) and cyclic imines (CIs), including spirolides, pinnatoxins, pteriatoxins, and gymnodimines, are not managed in many countries, such as the USA, European nations, and South Korea, because there are not enough poisoning cases or data for the limits on these biotoxins. In this article, we review unregulated marine biotoxins (e.g., PlTXs and CIs), their toxicity, causative phytoplankton species, and toxin extraction and detection protocols. Due to global warming, the habitat of the causative phytoplankton has expanded to the Asia-Pacific region. When ingested by humans, shellfish that accumulated toxins can cause various symptoms (muscle pain or diarrhea) and even death. There are no systematic reports on the occurrence of these toxins; however, it is important to continuously monitor causative phytoplankton and poisoning of accumulating shellfish by PlTXs and CI toxins because of the high risk of toxicity in human consumers.

Suggested Citation

  • Young-Sang Kim & Hyun-Joo An & Jaeseong Kim & You-Jin Jeon, 2022. "Current Situation of Palytoxins and Cyclic Imines in Asia-Pacific Countries: Causative Phytoplankton Species and Seafood Poisoning," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-22, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:8:p:4921-:d:796444
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Christopher A. Scholin & Frances Gulland & Gregory J. Doucette & Scott Benson & Mark Busman & Francisco P. Chavez & Joe Cordaro & Robert DeLong & Andrew De Vogelaere & James Harvey & Martin Haulena & , 2000. "Mortality of sea lions along the central California coast linked to a toxic diatom bloom," Nature, Nature, vol. 403(6765), pages 80-84, January.
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