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The Coach–Athlete–Parent Relationship: The Importance of the Sex, Sport Type, and Family Composition

Author

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  • Ausra Lisinskiene

    (Institute of Educational Research, Education Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelaičio Str. 58, LT-44248 Kaunas, Lithuania
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Marc Lochbaum

    (Institute of Educational Research, Education Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelaičio Str. 58, LT-44248 Kaunas, Lithuania
    Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3011, USA
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

Interpersonal relationships exist in many forms within the sport environment. Athlete performance and career direction, at times, depend on their formed sport relationships. Positive and negative interpersonal relationships among the coach, the athlete, and the parent affects many athletes’ behavioral outcomes, such as continued participation. Our research aimed to understand whether the positive and negative processes in the coach, athlete, and parent interpersonal relationships depend on athletes’ sex, age, family composition, sport experience, and the type of sport. To achieve our research purpose, 632 volunteer student-athletes (aged 11–19) completed our survey. Our survey included the Positive and Negative Processes in the Coach–Athlete–Parent (PNPCAP) relationship scale and demographics (i.e., sex, age, family composition, years in competitive sport, and sport type). The study results revealed that positive processes, as measured by the positive PNPCAP subscale, were invariant to our categorical variables. However, participants’ self-ratings of negative PNPCAP-measured processes depended upon sex, sport type, and family makeup. Significant ( p < 0.05) two-way interactions revealed boys involved in individual sports and residing without their parents or with one self-reported a higher level of the negative processes. The calculated effect size values with the other groupings were mostly medium in magnitude. The third significant two-way interaction resulted for sport type by family makeup. This two-way interaction revealed individual sport participants without or residing with one parent reported higher levels of negative processes. The effect size values were a mix of small and medium in meaningfulness. In conclusion, while positive Coach–Athlete–Parent processes appear invariant to our measured categorical variables, sex, sport type, and family makeup moderated the negative processes. Further research, such as mixed methods, is required to best understand and provide direction for intervention research to reduce negative processes in youth sport.

Suggested Citation

  • Ausra Lisinskiene & Marc Lochbaum, 2022. "The Coach–Athlete–Parent Relationship: The Importance of the Sex, Sport Type, and Family Composition," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-12, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:8:p:4821-:d:794912
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ausra Lisinskiene & Marc Lochbaum, 2019. "A Qualitative Study Examining Parental Involvement in Youth Sports over a One-Year Intervention Program," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-17, September.
    2. Ausra Lisinskiene & Emily May & Marc Lochbaum, 2019. "The Initial Questionnaire Development in Measuring of Coach-Athlete–Parent Interpersonal Relationships: Results of Two Qualitative Investigations," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-20, June.
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    Cited by:

    1. Yanbing Chen & Conor Buggy & Seamus Kelly, 2022. "Managing the Wellbeing of Elite Rugby Union Players from an Occupational Safety and Health Perspective," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-18, September.
    2. Katarzyna Ługowska & Wojciech Kolanowski & Joanna Trafialek, 2023. "Increasing Physical Activity at School Improves Physical Fitness of Early Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-22, January.

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