IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2022i8p4653-d792250.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Carbon Emission Constraint Policy in an OEM and Outsourcing Remanufacturer Supply Chain with Consumer Preferences

Author

Listed:
  • Yunting Feng

    (The Glorious Sun School of Business and Management, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China)

  • Yong Geng

    (School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China)

  • Ge Zhao

    (School of Politics and Public Administration, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China)

  • Mengya Li

    (School of Business, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China)

Abstract

Carbon emission reduction has been a consensus goal for most countries to achieve environmental sustainability. The use of carbon emission trading policies has been generally considered by the governments. Remanufacturing, as an effective way to reduce carbon emission, is incorporated together with the tool of carbon emission policy to construct a low-carbon supply chain in this paper. We analyze the carbon emission reduction and profit maximization problem among enterprises of original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and their outsourcing remanufacturers, integrating the impact of the carbon emission constraint policy and the carbon market. Considering consumer preferences on low-carbon products and recycling rates of waste products, we construct a Stackelberg game model (dominated by the OEM) and analyze the impact of a carbon emission constraint policy on sales price, volume, carbon emission, and revenue of new and remanufactured products in the supply chain system. The results suggest that the upper bound set by the government on carbon emission for enterprises positively affects sales volume of new products and negatively affects sales prices of both products. Moreover, the discount rate of carbon emission constraint negatively affects sales volume of new products and positively affects sales prices of both products. Notably, the carbon emission constraint policy has impacts on the production decisions of both manufacturers on an economic scale. When the upper bound of carbon emission is equal to a certain threshold, the OEM could obtain the greatest revenue. The results provide a new perspective for the government to attain the goal of carbon emission reduction and not sacrifice economic growth. Managers in outsourcing remanufacturers and OEMs could also be implicated from our results to collaborate in allocating remanufacturing orders to achieve win-win opportunities between them.

Suggested Citation

  • Yunting Feng & Yong Geng & Ge Zhao & Mengya Li, 2022. "Carbon Emission Constraint Policy in an OEM and Outsourcing Remanufacturer Supply Chain with Consumer Preferences," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-16, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:8:p:4653-:d:792250
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/8/4653/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/8/4653/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Song, Shuang & Govindan, Kannan & Xu, Lei & Du, Peng & Qiao, Xiaojiao, 2017. "Capacity and production planning with carbon emission constraints," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 132-150.
    2. Zou, Zong-Bao & Wang, Jian-Jun & Deng, Gui-Shi & Chen, Haozhe, 2016. "Third-party remanufacturing mode selection: Outsourcing or authorization?," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 1-19.
    3. Erik Haites, 2018. "Carbon taxes and greenhouse gas emissions trading systems: what have we learned?," Climate Policy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(8), pages 955-966, September.
    4. Sadok Turki & Nidhal Rezg, 2018. "Impact of the Quality of Returned-Used Products on the Optimal Design of a Manufacturing/Remanufacturing System under Carbon Emissions Constraints," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-21, September.
    5. Senlin Zhao & Qinghua Zhu, 2017. "Remanufacturing supply chain coordination under the stochastic remanufacturability rate and the random demand," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 257(1), pages 661-695, October.
    6. David F. Drake & Paul R. Kleindorfer & Luk N. Van Wassenhove, 2016. "Technology Choice and Capacity Portfolios under Emissions Regulation," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 25(6), pages 1006-1025, June.
    7. Li, Jianzhi & González, Miguel & Zhu, Yun, 2009. "A hybrid simulation optimization method for production planning of dedicated remanufacturing," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 117(2), pages 286-301, February.
    8. Zhang, Yunrong & Hong, Zhaofu & Chen, Zhixiang & Glock, Christoph H., 2020. "Tax or subsidy? Design and selection of regulatory policies for remanufacturing," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 287(3), pages 885-900.
    9. Stefan Nabernegg & Birgit Bednar-Friedl & Fabian Wagner & Thomas Schinko & Janusz Cofala & Yadira Mori Clement, 2017. "The Deployment of Low Carbon Technologies in Energy Intensive Industries: A Macroeconomic Analysis for Europe, China and India," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-26, March.
    10. Helveston, John Paul & Liu, Yimin & Feit, Elea McDonnell & Fuchs, Erica & Klampfl, Erica & Michalek, Jeremy J., 2015. "Will subsidies drive electric vehicle adoption? Measuring consumer preferences in the U.S. and China," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 96-112.
    11. Yenipazarli, Arda, 2016. "Managing new and remanufactured products to mitigate environmental damage under emissions regulation," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 249(1), pages 117-130.
    12. Govindan, Kannan & Popiuc, Maria Nicoleta, 2014. "Reverse supply chain coordination by revenue sharing contract: A case for the personal computers industry," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 233(2), pages 326-336.
    13. Bingbing Zhang & Xi Tian, 2019. "Economic Transition under Carbon Emission Constraints in China: An Evaluation at the City Level," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 55(6), pages 1280-1293, May.
    14. Mitra, Supriya & Webster, Scott, 2008. "Competition in remanufacturing and the effects of government subsidies," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 111(2), pages 287-298, February.
    15. Lu, Zhijian & Shao, Shuai, 2016. "Impacts of government subsidies on pricing and performance level choice in Energy Performance Contracting: A two-step optimal decision model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 1176-1183.
    16. Jian Li & Weihao Du & Fengmei Yang & Guowei Hua, 2014. "The Carbon Subsidy Analysis in Remanufacturing Closed-Loop Supply Chain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 6(6), pages 1-17, June.
    17. Tong Shu & Qian Liu & Shou Chen & Shouyang Wang & Kin Keung Lai, 2018. "Pricing Decisions of CSR Closed-Loop Supply Chains with Carbon Emission Constraints," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-25, November.
    18. Zhifeng Qian & Junwu Chai & Hengyu Li & Wei Yan & Hong Chen, 2020. "Should OEMs Outsource Remanufacturing to Retailers?," Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research (APJOR), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 37(05), pages 1-34, October.
    19. R. Canan Savaskan & Shantanu Bhattacharya & Luk N. Van Wassenhove, 2004. "Closed-Loop Supply Chain Models with Product Remanufacturing," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 50(2), pages 239-252, February.
    20. Gökçe Esenduran & Eda Kemahlıoğlu-Ziya & Jayashankar M. Swaminathan, 2017. "Impact of Take-Back Regulation on the Remanufacturing Industry," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 26(5), pages 924-944, May.
    21. Martin L. Weitzman, 2019. "For International Cap-and-Trade in Carbon Permits, Price Stabilization Introduces Secondary Free-Rider-Type Problems," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 74(2), pages 939-942, October.
    22. Zhang, Y & Hong, Z & Chen, Z & Glock, C. H., 2020. "Tax or subsidy? Design and selection of regulatory policies for remanufacturing," Publications of Darmstadt Technical University, Institute for Business Studies (BWL) 122326, Darmstadt Technical University, Department of Business Administration, Economics and Law, Institute for Business Studies (BWL).
    23. Hong, Xianpei & Govindan, Kannan & Xu, Lei & Du, Peng, 2017. "Quantity and collection decisions in a closed-loop supply chain with technology licensing," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 256(3), pages 820-829.
    24. Naegele, Helene & Zaklan, Aleksandar, 2019. "Does the EU ETS cause carbon leakage in European manufacturing?," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 93, pages 125-147.
    25. Yi Chai & Xueqin Lin & Dai Wang, 2021. "Industrial Structure Transformation and Layout Optimization of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region under Carbon Emission Constraints," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-20, January.
    26. Christian Flachsland & Robert Marschinski & Ottmar Edenhofer, 2009. "To link or not to link: benefits and disadvantages of linking cap-and-trade systems," Climate Policy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 9(4), pages 358-372, July.
    27. Shaofu Du & Jiaang Zhu & Huifang Jiao & Wuyi Ye, 2015. "Game-theoretical analysis for supply chain with consumer preference to low carbon," International Journal of Production Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 53(12), pages 3753-3768, June.
    28. Liangjie Xia & Tingting Guo & Juanjuan Qin & Xiaohang Yue & Ning Zhu, 2018. "Carbon emission reduction and pricing policies of a supply chain considering reciprocal preferences in cap-and-trade system," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 268(1), pages 149-175, September.
    29. Huang, Yi & Yi, Qun & Kang, Jing-Xian & Zhang, Ya-Gang & Li, Wen-Ying & Feng, Jie & Xie, Ke-Chang, 2019. "Investigation and optimization analysis on deployment of China coal chemical industry under carbon emission constraints," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    30. Torbjørg Jevnaker & Jørgen Wettestad, 2017. "Ratcheting Up Carbon Trade: The Politics of Reforming EU Emissions Trading," Global Environmental Politics, MIT Press, vol. 17(2), pages 105-124, May.
    31. Ilkyeong Moon & Yoon Jea Jeong & Subrata Saha, 2016. "Fuzzy Bi-Objective Production-Distribution Planning Problem under the Carbon Emission Constraint," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(8), pages 1-17, August.
    32. Kaiying Cao & Ping He & Zhixin Liu, 2020. "Production and pricing decisions in a dual-channel supply chain under remanufacturing subsidy policy and carbon tax policy," Journal of the Operational Research Society, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 71(8), pages 1199-1215, August.
    33. Huimin Bi & Hao Xiao & Kejuan Sun, 2019. "The Impact of Carbon Market and Carbon Tax on Green Growth Pathway in China: A Dynamic CGE Model Approach," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 55(6), pages 1312-1325, May.
    34. Alegoz, Mehmet & Kaya, Onur & Bayindir, Z. Pelin, 2021. "A comparison of pure manufacturing and hybrid manufacturing–remanufacturing systems under carbon tax policy," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 294(1), pages 161-173.
    35. Hu, Shu & Dai, Ying & Ma, Zu-Jun & Ye, Yu-Sen, 2016. "Designing contracts for a reverse supply chain with strategic recycling behavior of consumers," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 16-24.
    36. Jiaping Xie & Jing Li & Ling Liang & Xu Fang & Guang Yang & Lihong Wei, 2020. "Contracting Emissions Reduction Supply Chain Based on Market Low-Carbon Preference and Carbon Intensity Constraint," Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research (APJOR), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 37(02), pages 1-34, March.
    37. Dye, Chung-Yuan & Yang, Chih-Te, 2015. "Sustainable trade credit and replenishment decisions with credit-linked demand under carbon emission constraints," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 244(1), pages 187-200.
    38. Du, Shaofu & Zhu, Lili & Liang, Liang & Ma, Fang, 2013. "Emission-dependent supply chain and environment-policy-making in the ‘cap-and-trade’ system," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 61-67.
    39. Bian, Junsong & Zhao, Xuan, 2020. "Tax or subsidy? An analysis of environmental policies in supply chains with retail competition," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 283(3), pages 901-914.
    40. R. Canan Savaskan & Luk N. Van Wassenhove, 2006. "Reverse Channel Design: The Case of Competing Retailers," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 52(1), pages 1-14, January.
    41. Wei Yan & Hengyu Li & Junwu Chai & Zhifeng Qian & Hong Chen, 2018. "Owning or Outsourcing? Strategic Choice on Take-Back Operations for Third-Party Remanufacturing," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-18, January.
    42. Chai, Qiangfei & Xiao, Zhongdong & Lai, Kee-hung & Zhou, Guanghui, 2018. "Can carbon cap and trade mechanism be beneficial for remanufacturing?," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 311-321.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Yayan Xie & Yang Su & Feng Li, 2022. "The Evolutionary Game Analysis of Low Carbon Production Behaviour of Farmers, Government and Consumers in Food Safety Source Governance," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-16, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Xiqiang Xia & Mengya Li & Biao Li & Hao Wang, 2021. "The Impact of Carbon Trade on Outsourcing Remanufacturing," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-18, October.
    2. Biao Li & Yong Geng & Xiqiang Xia & Dan Qiao & Hao Wang, 2021. "Comparatively Analyzing the Impact of Government Subsidy and Carbon Tax Policy on Authorized Remanufacturing," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-18, August.
    3. Ehsan Shekarian & Simme Douwe Flapper, 2021. "Analyzing the Structure of Closed-Loop Supply Chains: A Game Theory Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-32, January.
    4. Fangfang Zhang & Hao Wang & Xiaoyu Wu, 2021. "The Impact of Government Subsidies on Single-Channel Recycling Based on Recycling Propaganda," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-14, December.
    5. Qiuyue Li & Hao Wang & Zhenshan Li & Shangwei Yuan, 2022. "A Comparative Study of the Effect of Different Carbon-Reduction Policies on Outsourcing Remanufacturing," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-22, March.
    6. Biao Li & Yong Geng & Xiqiang Xia & Dan Qiao, 2021. "The Impact of Government Subsidies on the Low-Carbon Supply Chain Based on Carbon Emission Reduction Level," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-19, July.
    7. Zhang, Abraham & Wang, Jason X. & Farooque, Muhammad & Wang, Yulan & Choi, Tsan-Ming, 2021. "Multi-dimensional circular supply chain management: A comparative review of the state-of-the-art practices and research," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
    8. Yang, Lei & Hu, Yijuan & Huang, Lijuan, 2020. "Collecting mode selection in a remanufacturing supply chain under cap-and-trade regulation," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 287(2), pages 480-496.
    9. Pietro De Giovanni & Georges Zaccour, 2022. "A selective survey of game-theoretic models of closed-loop supply chains," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 314(1), pages 77-116, July.
    10. Fang, Chang & Fan, Shuyi & Chi, Mingxiang & Wang, Weizhong, 2023. "The optimal remanufacturing strategy, returned quality choice and independent remanufacturers’ advantage for tackling extreme weather," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    11. Pietro Giovanni & Georges Zaccour, 2019. "A selective survey of game-theoretic models of closed-loop supply chains," 4OR, Springer, vol. 17(1), pages 1-44, March.
    12. Dexiang Yang & Lei Zhang & Ying Wu & Sidai Guo & Hua Zhang & Lijian Xiao, 2018. "A Sustainability Analysis on Retailer’s Sales Effort in A Closed-Loop Supply Chain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-20, December.
    13. Liu, Zhi & Li, Kevin W. & Tang, Juan & Gong, Bengang & Huang, Jun, 2021. "Optimal operations of a closed-loop supply chain under a dual regulation," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 233(C).
    14. You Qiu & Youliang Jin, 2022. "Impact of environmental taxes on remanufacturing decisions of a duopoly," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 55(4), pages 2479-2498, November.
    15. He, Qidong & Wang, Nengmin & Browning, Tyson R. & Jiang, Bin, 2022. "Competitive collection with convenience-perceived customers," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 303(1), pages 239-254.
    16. Qiao, Haike & Su, Qin, 2021. "Distribution channel and licensing strategy choice considering consumer online reviews in a closed-loop supply chain," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    17. Lijun Meng & Qiang Qiang & Zuqing Huang & Baoyou Zhang & Yuxiang Yang, 2020. "Optimal Pricing Strategy and Government Consumption Subsidy Policy in Closed-Loop Supply Chain with Third-Party Remanufacturer," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-29, March.
    18. Dingzhong Feng & Lei Ma & Yangke Ding & Guanghua Wu & Ye Zhang, 2019. "Decisions of the Dual-Channel Supply Chain under Double Policy Considering Remanufacturing," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-20, February.
    19. Zuqing Huang & Wei Shao & Lijun Meng & Guoqing Zhang & Qiang (Patrick) Qiang, 2022. "Pricing Decision for a Closed-Loop Supply Chain with Technology Licensing under Collection and Remanufacturing Cost Disruptions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-19, March.
    20. Yang, Lei & Gao, Muyi & Feng, Lipan, 2022. "Competition versus cooperation? Which is better in a remanufacturing supply chain considering blockchain," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:8:p:4653-:d:792250. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.