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Depression, Insomnia, and Probable Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Survivors of the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake and Related Factors during the Recovery Period Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author

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  • Ayako Ide-Okochi

    (Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City 862-0976, Japan)

  • Tomonori Samiso

    (Health and Welfare Policy Division, Health and Welfare Bureau, Kumamoto City 860-0808, Japan)

  • Yumie Kanamori

    (Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City 862-0976, Japan)

  • Mu He

    (Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City 862-0976, Japan)

  • Mika Sakaguchi

    (Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City 862-0976, Japan)

  • Kazumi Fujimura

    (Department of Community Health Systems Nursing, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon City 791-0295, Japan)

Abstract

The aftereffects of the severe 2016 Kumamoto earthquake were complicated by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to identify mental health problems and related factors among survivors five years after the earthquake and clarify its long-term effects. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2020 among 19,212 survivors affected by the earthquake who moved from temporary to permanent housing. We analysed 8966 respondents (5135 women, 3831 men; mean age 62.25 ± 17.29 years). Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine associations between mental health problems and socioeconomic factors. Prevalence rates of psychological distress, insomnia, and probable post-traumatic stress disorder were 11.9%, 35.2%, and 4.1%, respectively. Female gender (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.13–1.57; OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.08–1.34; OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.41–2.32), public housing (OR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.63–2.83; OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.26–1.88; OR = 2.41, 95% CI = 1.62–3.58), loneliness (OR = 9.08, 95% CI = 7.71–10.70; OR = 5.55, 95% CI = 4.90–6.30; OR = 3.52, 95% CI = 2.77–4.49), COVID-19-induced activity reduction (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.19–1.66; OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.68–2.07; OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.40–2.31), and COVID-19-induced income reduction (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.12–1.57; OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.28–1.59; OR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.51–2.43) were significantly associated with mental health problems. These results suggest that gender, current housing, loneliness, and COVID-19 affected the survivors’ mental health during recovery.

Suggested Citation

  • Ayako Ide-Okochi & Tomonori Samiso & Yumie Kanamori & Mu He & Mika Sakaguchi & Kazumi Fujimura, 2022. "Depression, Insomnia, and Probable Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Survivors of the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake and Related Factors during the Recovery Period Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-15, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:7:p:4403-:d:788078
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Murakami, Aya & Sugawara, Yumi & Tomata, Yasutake & Sugiyama, Kemmyo & Kaiho, Yu & Tanji, Fumiya & Tsuji, Ichiro, 2017. "Association between housing type and γ-GTP increase after the Great East Japan Earthquake," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 76-85.
    2. Masatsugu Orui & Suzuka Saeki & Shuichiro Harada & Mizuho Hayashi, 2021. "Practical Report of Disaster-Related Mental Health Interventions Following the Great East Japan Earthquake during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Potential for Suicide Prevention," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-14, October.
    3. Hogg, Daniel & Kingham, Simon & Wilson, Thomas M. & Ardagh, Michael, 2016. "The effects of relocation and level of affectedness on mood and anxiety symptom treatments after the 2011 Christchurch earthquake," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 18-26.
    4. Pablo Bris & Félix Bendito, 2019. "Impact of Japanese Post-Disaster Temporary Housing Areas’ (THAs) Design on Mental and Social Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-26, November.
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    Cited by:

    1. Yumie Kanamori & Ayako Ide-Okochi & Tomonori Samiso, 2023. "Factors Related to Physical Activity among Older Adults Who Relocated to a New Community after the Kumamoto Earthquake: A Study from the Viewpoint of Social Capital," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-15, February.

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