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Functional and Psychological Changes after Exercise Training in Post-COVID-19 Patients Discharged from the Hospital: A PRISMA-Compliant Systematic Review

Author

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  • Amir Hossein Ahmadi Hekmatikar

    (Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran)

  • João Batista Ferreira Júnior

    (Federal Institute of Sudeste of Minas Gerais, Rio Pomba 36180-000, Brazil)

  • Shahnaz Shahrbanian

    (Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran)

  • Katsuhiko Suzuki

    (Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Saitama, Japan)

Abstract

Millions of people worldwide are infected with COVID-19, and COVID-19 survivors have been found to suffer from functional disabilities and mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. This is a matter of concern because COVID-19 is still not over. Because reinfection is still possible in COVID-19 survivors, decreased physical function and increased stress and anxiety can lower immune function. However, the optimal exercise intensity and volume appear to remain unknown. Therefore, the current systematic review aimed to evaluate the effect of resistance or aerobic exercises in post-COVID-19 patients after hospital discharge. We conducted searches in the Scopus, SciELO, PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. Studies that met the following criteria were included: (i) English language, (ii) patients with COVID-19 involved with resistance or aerobic exercise programs after hospital discharge. Out of 381 studies reviewed, seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Evidence shows that exercise programs composed of resistance exercise (e.g., 1–2 sets of 8–10 repetitions at 30–80% of 1RM) along with aerobic exercise (e.g., 5 to 30 min at moderate intensity) may improve the functional capacity and quality of life (reduce stress and mental disorders) in post-COVID-19 patients. In addition, only one study reported reinfection of three subjects involved with the exercise program, suggesting that exercise programs may be feasible for the rehabilitation of the patients. A meta-analysis was not conducted because the included studies have methodological heterogeneities, and they did not examine a control group. Consequently, the results should be generalized with caution.

Suggested Citation

  • Amir Hossein Ahmadi Hekmatikar & João Batista Ferreira Júnior & Shahnaz Shahrbanian & Katsuhiko Suzuki, 2022. "Functional and Psychological Changes after Exercise Training in Post-COVID-19 Patients Discharged from the Hospital: A PRISMA-Compliant Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-11, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:4:p:2290-:d:751697
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Martina Betschart & Spencer Rezek & Ines Unger & Swantje Beyer & David Gisi & Harriet Shannon & Cornel Sieber, 2021. "Feasibility of an Outpatient Training Program after COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-12, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Paulo Gentil & Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira & Carlos Alexandre Vieira & Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo & Amir Hossein Haghighi & Filipe Manuel Clemente & Daniel Souza, 2022. "Resistance Training before, during, and after COVID-19 Infection: What Have We Learned So Far?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(10), pages 1-12, May.
    2. Claire Colas & Yann Le Berre & Marie Fanget & Angélique Savall & Martin Killian & Ivan Goujon & Pierre Labeix & Manon Bayle & Léonard Féasson & Frederic Roche & David Hupin, 2023. "Physical Activity in Long COVID: A Comparative Study of Exercise Rehabilitation Benefits in Patients with Long COVID, Coronary Artery Disease and Fibromyalgia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(15), pages 1-14, August.
    3. Luis Llurda-Almuzara & Jacobo Rodríguez-Sanz & Carlos López-de-Celis & Ramón Aiguadé-Aiguadé & Raúl Arán-Jové & Noé Labata-Lezaun & César Fernández-de-las-Peñas & Joan Bosch & Albert Pérez-Bellmunt, 2022. "Effects of Adding an Online Exercise Program on Physical Function in Individuals Hospitalized by COVID-19: A Randomized Controlled Trial," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-12, December.
    4. Stefano Corna & Marica Giardini & Marco Godi & Lucia Bellotti & Ilaria Arcolin, 2022. "Effects of Aerobic Training in Patients with Subacute COVID-19: A Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-15, December.
    5. Katsuhiko Suzuki & Amir Hossein Ahmadi Hekmatikar & Shadi Jalalian & Shaghayegh Abbasi & Elmira Ahmadi & Abdolreza Kazemi & Ruheea Taskin Ruhee & Kayvan Khoramipour, 2022. "The Potential of Exerkines in Women’s COVID-19: A New Idea for a Better and More Accurate Understanding of the Mechanisms behind Physical Exercise," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-21, November.
    6. Hameeda Sultan & Jinyan Zhan & Wajid Rashid & Xi Chu & Eve Bohnett, 2022. "Systematic Review of Multi-Dimensional Vulnerabilities in the Himalayas," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-20, September.
    7. Anna Ogonowska-Slodownik & Marta Kinga Labecka & Katarzyna Kaczmarczyk & Renae J. McNamara & Michał Starczewski & Jan Gajewski & Agnieszka Maciejewska-Skrendo & Natalia Morgulec-Adamowicz, 2022. "Water-Based and Land-Based Exercise for Children with Post-COVID-19 Condition (postCOVIDkids)—Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-14, November.
    8. Mariana Cevei & Roxana Ramona Onofrei & Anamaria Gherle & Cristina Gug & Dorina Stoicanescu, 2022. "Rehabilitation of Post-COVID-19 Musculoskeletal Sequelae in Geriatric Patients: A Case Series Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-14, November.

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