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An Epidemiologic Analysis of Associations between County-Level Per Capita Income, Unemployment Rate, and COVID-19 Vaccination Rates in the United States

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  • Yuqi Guo

    (School of Social Work, College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28262, USA
    School of Data Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28262, USA)

  • Andrea R. Kaniuka

    (Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28262, USA)

  • Jingjing Gao

    (Public Policy Program, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28262, USA)

  • Omar T. Sims

    (Department of Social Work, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35222, USA
    Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35222, USA
    Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35222, USA
    African American Studies, College of Arts and Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35222, USA)

Abstract

The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine associations between per capita income, unemployment rates, and COVID-19 vaccination rates at the county-level across the United States (U.S.), as well as to identify the interaction effects between county-level per capita income, unemployment rates, and racial/ethnic composition on COVID-19 vaccination rates. All counties in the U.S. that reported COVID-19 vaccination rates from January 2021 to July 2021 were included in this longitudinal study ( n = 2857). Pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) with fixed-effects were employed to longitudinally examine economic impacts on racial/ethnic disparities on county-level COVID-19 vaccination rates. County-level per capita income and county-level unemployment rates were both positively associated with county-level COVID-19 vaccination rates across the U.S. However, the associations were divergent in the context of race/ethnicity. Public health efforts to bolster COVID-19 vaccination rates are encouraged to consider economic factors that are associated with decreases in COVID-19 vaccination rates.

Suggested Citation

  • Yuqi Guo & Andrea R. Kaniuka & Jingjing Gao & Omar T. Sims, 2022. "An Epidemiologic Analysis of Associations between County-Level Per Capita Income, Unemployment Rate, and COVID-19 Vaccination Rates in the United States," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-9, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:3:p:1755-:d:741743
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Couch, Kenneth A. & Fairlie, Robert W. & Xu, Huanan, 2020. "The Impacts of COVID-19 on Minority Unemployment: First Evidence from April 2020 CPS Microdata," IZA Discussion Papers 13264, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    2. James H Fowler & Seth J Hill & Remy Levin & Nick Obradovich, 2021. "Stay-at-home orders associate with subsequent decreases in COVID-19 cases and fatalities in the United States," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(6), pages 1-15, June.
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