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COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy or Acceptance and Its Associated Factors: Findings from Post-Vaccination Cross-Sectional Survey from Punjab Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Rubeena Zakar

    (Department of Public Health, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan)

  • Ain ul Momina

    (Health Service Delivery in Punjab, King Edward Medical University and Oxford Policy Management, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Sara Shahzad

    (Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK)

  • Mahwish Hayee

    (Oxford Policy Management, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Ruhma Shahzad

    (Department of Public Health, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Zakria Zakar

    (Vice Chancellor Office, University of Okara, Okara 56300, Pakistan)

Abstract

COVID-19 has posed massive challenges related to health, economy, and the social fabric of the entire human population. To curb the spread of the virus, the Government of Pakistan initiated a vaccination campaign against COVID-19. The objective of this research was to assess the factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance or hesitancy. The data were collected telephonically using a cross-sectional survey design through a close-ended structured questionnaire from a sample of 1325 vaccinated and non-vaccinated individuals with a response rate of 38%. SPSS v. 26 was used to analyze the data. The study revealed that 73% of the respondents were male, half in the 40–49 age group, 78% living in urban areas, and 45% had a monthly income between 20,001–50,000 Pakistani rupees. People felt reluctant to get vaccinated because of myths and misinformation related to it. The socio-demographic factors including male, age 60–69, middle or higher level of education, marital status, currently employed, from middle socio-economic status, living in urban areas, high access to mass media, history of influenza vaccination, physical activity, and perceived good health status were significantly associated with COVID-19 vaccination uptake. Concerted efforts are needed to achieve vaccine targets for the broader population through understanding and identifying barriers to vaccination.

Suggested Citation

  • Rubeena Zakar & Ain ul Momina & Sara Shahzad & Mahwish Hayee & Ruhma Shahzad & Muhammad Zakria Zakar, 2022. "COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy or Acceptance and Its Associated Factors: Findings from Post-Vaccination Cross-Sectional Survey from Punjab Pakistan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-20, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:3:p:1305-:d:732472
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Muhammad Adeel & Anthony G. O. Yeh, 2018. "Gendered immobility: influence of social roles and local context on mobility decisions in Pakistan," Transportation Planning and Technology, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 41(6), pages 660-678, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Weerawat Ounsaneha & Orapin Laosee & Cheerawit Rattanapan, 2024. "Influence of Environmental Risk Exposure on the Determinants of COVID-19 Booster Vaccination in an Urban Thai Population," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(6), pages 1-13, June.
    2. Xiaodong Yang & Lai Wei & Zhiyue Liu, 2022. "Promoting COVID-19 Vaccination Using the Health Belief Model: Does Information Acquisition from Divergent Sources Make a Difference?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-15, March.

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