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Discrimination Experiences during COVID-19 among a National, Multi-Lingual, Community-Based Sample of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders: COMPASS Findings

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  • Van M. Ta Park

    (Department of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
    Asian American Research Center on Health (ARCH), University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA)

  • Marcelle M. Dougan

    (Department of Public Health and Recreation, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA)

  • Oanh L. Meyer

    (Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis (UCD), Sacramento, CA 95817, USA)

  • Bora Nam

    (Department of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA)

  • Marian Tzuang

    (Department of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA)

  • Linda G. Park

    (Department of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA)

  • Quyen Vuong

    (International Children Assistance Network (ICAN), 532 Valley Way, Milpitas, CA 95035, USA)

  • Joon Bang

    (Iona Senior Services, 4125 Albemarle Street NW, Washington, DC 20015, USA)

  • Janice Y. Tsoh

    (Asian American Research Center on Health (ARCH), University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
    Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA)

Abstract

Reports of escalated discrimination among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) due to COVID-19 are alarming, making this a public health priority. However, there are limited empirical studies on the scope and impact of COVID-19-related discrimination among AAPIs. Using the COVID-19 Effects on the Mental and Physical Health of AAPI Survey Study (COMPASS) data (N = 4971; survey period: October 2020–February 2021), which is a U.S.-wide multi-lingual survey, we examined the prevalence of, and factors associated with discrimination experiences attributable to being an AAPI during the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, 60.7% reported experiencing discrimination; the group prevalence ranged from 80.0% (Hmong) to 40.5% (Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders). Multivariable logistic regression models revealed that COVID-19-related factors were associated with many discrimination experiences: having a shelter-in-place order of ≥1 month, living in areas with perceived similar/higher COVID-19 severity, and negative impact in family income/employment due to COVID-19. Additionally, being Asian American (versus Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders), females, non-heterosexuals, younger, more severe effect on family income, living in the non-West, and poorer health were significantly correlated with discrimination experiences. Findings may assist in formulating anti-AAPI-discrimination policies and programs at the local, state, and federal levels. Culturally appropriate programs and policies to combat this are urgently needed.

Suggested Citation

  • Van M. Ta Park & Marcelle M. Dougan & Oanh L. Meyer & Bora Nam & Marian Tzuang & Linda G. Park & Quyen Vuong & Joon Bang & Janice Y. Tsoh, 2022. "Discrimination Experiences during COVID-19 among a National, Multi-Lingual, Community-Based Sample of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders: COMPASS Findings," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-16, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:2:p:924-:d:724900
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Krieger, Nancy & Smith, Kevin & Naishadham, Deepa & Hartman, Cathy & Barbeau, Elizabeth M., 2005. "Experiences of discrimination: Validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research on racism and health," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 61(7), pages 1576-1596, October.
    3. Gee, G.C. & Spencer, M.S. & Chen, J. & Takeuchi, D., 2007. "A nationwide study of discrimination and chronic health conditions among Asian Americans," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 97(7), pages 1275-1282.
    4. Yin Paradies & Jehonathan Ben & Nida Denson & Amanuel Elias & Naomi Priest & Alex Pieterse & Arpana Gupta & Margaret Kelaher & Gilbert Gee, 2015. "Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(9), pages 1-48, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Mieko Yoshihama & Jun Sung Hong & Yueqi Yan, 2022. "Everyday Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms among Gujarati Adults: Gender Difference in the Role of Social Support," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-13, July.
    2. Marcelle M. Dougan & Marian Tzuang & Bora Nam & Oanh L. Meyer & Janice Y. Tsoh & Van M. Ta Park, 2024. "Discrimination Experiences among Asian American and Pacific Islander Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Association with Mental Health Outcomes: Updated Findings from the COMPASS Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(6), pages 1-16, June.
    3. Charissa S. L. Cheah & Huiguang Ren & Xiaoli Zong & Cixin Wang, 2023. "COVID-19 Racism and Chinese American Families’ Mental Health: A Comparison between 2020 and 2021," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(8), pages 1-17, April.

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