Analysis of Pollution Characteristics and Sources in Surface Water in Typical Crop-Producing Areas of Qinghai Province

Currently used pesticides and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), nitrogen and phosphorus were analyzed in surface water from 26 sampling sites of agricultural areas in Qinghai Province to elucidate their pollution characteristics and sources. The results showed that most of these currently used pesticides, with the exception of chlorpyrifos, were generally not detected. However, two OCPs were commonly detected in surface water from four typical crop-producing areas. The residual concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) measured 0~1.68 ng/L and 0.41~2.41 ng/L, respectively, in the water from the four crop-producing areas. The residues of these two OCPs pesticides were much lower than the standard limit of surface water environmental quality. The main forms of HCHs and DDTs were β -HCH and pp’ -DDE, respectively, indicating that the residues of HCHs and DDTs in the surface water of the four crop-producing areas in Qinghai were mainly derived from historical drugs that had degraded for a long time. The average concentrations of TN, NO 3 − -N and NH 4 + -N in the surface water of 26 sampling sites of four typical crop areas in Qinghai Province were 2.95, 1.71 and 0.17 mg/L, respectively. According to the national surface water environmental quality standards, TN concentrations in 57.7% of these sampling sites exceeded the Class V water standards. The average concentration of NO 3 − -N was more than 70 times that of NH 4 + -N. Nonetheless, there were no significant differences in the concentrations of TN, NO 3 − -N and NH 4 + -N in the four crop-producing areas. The concentrations of NO 3 − -N and NO 3 − -N in the surface water were positively correlated with the TN concentration ( p < 0.05), indicating that the sources of nitrogen in the surface water were relatively consistent. The average value of TP concentrations in the surface water from these sampling sites was 0.034 mg/L, with no significant differences among different producing areas. The N/P values in surface water from the four crop-producing areas of Qinghai Province had a range of 9.2~302. Phosphorus was the limiting factor for the proliferation of plankton in water. Reducing the input of phosphorus in these areas may be the key to preventing the deterioration of water quality. Significant negative and positive correlations exist between HCHs and nitrate nitrogen, and total phosphorus, respectively, which may be attributed to the proliferation of degrading microorganisms caused by the eutrophication of water. The research results will help to identify the characteristics and sources of surface water pollution in the crop-producing areas of Qinghai Province, and provide data support for Qinghai Province to build an export area for green organic agricultural and livestock products.