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Substance Use and Addiction in Athletes: The Case for Neuromodulation and Beyond

Author

Listed:
  • John W. Dougherty

    (Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA)

  • David Baron

    (Office of the President, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA)

Abstract

Substance use, misuse and use disorders continue to be major problems in society as a whole and athletes are certainly not exempt. Substance use has surrounded sports since ancient times and the pressures associated with competition sometimes can increase the likelihood of use and subsequent misuse. The addiction field as a whole has very few answers to how to prevent and secondarily treat substance use disorders and the treatments overall do not necessarily agree with the role of being an athlete. With concerns for side effects that may affect performance coupled with organizational rules and high rates of recidivism in the general population, newer treatments must be investigated. Prevention strategies must continue to be improved and more systems need to be in place to find and treat any underlying causes leading to these behaviors. This review attempts to highlight some of the data regarding the field of substance misuse and addiction in the athletic population as well as explore possible future directions for treatment including Neuromodulation methods and Ketamine. There is a need for more rigorous, high-quality studies to look at addiction as a whole and in particular how to approach this vulnerable subset of the population.

Suggested Citation

  • John W. Dougherty & David Baron, 2022. "Substance Use and Addiction in Athletes: The Case for Neuromodulation and Beyond," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-13, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:23:p:16082-:d:990310
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Smith, Aaron C.T. & Stewart, Bob & Oliver-Bennetts, Sunny & McDonald, Sharyn & Ingerson, Lynley & Anderson, Alastair & Dickson, Geoff & Emery, Paul & Graetz, Fiona, 2010. "Contextual influences and athlete attitudes to drugs in sport," Sport Management Review, Elsevier, vol. 13(3), pages 181-197, August.
    2. Aaron C.T. Smith & Bob Stewart & Sunny Oliver-Bennetts & Sharyn McDonald & Lynley Ingerson & Alastair Anderson & Geoff Dickson & Paul Emery & Fiona Graetz, 2010. "Contextual influences and athlete attitudes to drugs in sport," Sport Management Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 13(3), pages 181-197, July.
    3. Veliz, P.T. & Boyd, C. & McCabe, S.E., 2013. "Playing through pain: Sports participation and nonmedical use of opioid medications among adolescents," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 103(5), pages 28-30.
    4. Walsh, M.M. & Hilton, J.F. & Masouredis, C.M. & Gee, L. & Chesney, M.A. & Ernster, V.L., 1999. "Smokeless tobacco cessation intervention for college athletes: Results after 1 year," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 89(2), pages 228-234.
    5. Ravi K. Das & Grace Gale & Katie Walsh & Vanessa E. Hennessy & Georges Iskandar & Luke A. Mordecai & Brigitta Brandner & Merel Kindt & H. Valerie Curran & Sunjeev K. Kamboj, 2020. "Author Correction: Ketamine can reduce harmful drinking by pharmacologically rewriting drinking memories," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 11(1), pages 1-1, December.
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