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Physico-Chemical Properties and Deposition Potential of PM 2.5 during Severe Smog Event in Delhi, India

Author

Listed:
  • Sadaf Fatima

    (CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
    Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India)

  • Sumit Kumar Mishra

    (CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
    Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India)

  • Ajit Ahlawat

    (Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße, 04318 Leipzig, Germany)

  • Ashok Priyadarshan Dimri

    (School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
    Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Navi Mumbai 410206, India)

Abstract

The present work studies a severe smog event that occurred in Delhi (India) in 2017, targeting the characterization of PM 2.5 and its deposition potential in human respiratory tract of different population groups in which the PM 2.5 levels raised from 124.0 µg/m 3 (pre-smog period) to 717.2 µg/m 3 (during smog period). Higher concentration of elements such as C, N, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Fe, Cl, Ca, Ti, Cr, Pb, Fe, K, Cu, Cl, P, and F were observed during the smog along with dominant organic functional groups (aldehyde, ketones, alkyl halides (R-F; R-Br; R-Cl), ether, etc.), which supported potential contribution from transboundary biomass-burning activities along with local pollution sources and favorable meteorological conditions. The morphology of individual particles were found mostly as non-spherical, including carbon fractals, aggregates, sharp-edged, rod-shaped, and flaky structures. A multiple path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model showed significant deposition potential of PM 2.5 in terms of deposition fraction, mass rate, and mass flux during smog conditions in all age groups. The highest PM 2.5 deposition fraction and mass rate were found for the head region followed by the alveolar region of the human respiratory tract. The highest mass flux was reported for 21-month-old (4.7 × 10 2 µg/min/m 2 ), followed by 3-month-old (49.2 µg/min/m 2 ) children, whereas it was lowest for 21-year-old adults (6.8 µg/min/m 2 ), indicating babies and children were more vulnerable to PM 2.5 pollution than adults during smog. Deposition doses of toxic elements such as Cr, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn, and Ni were also found to be higher (up to 1 × 10 −7 µg/kg/day) for children than adults.

Suggested Citation

  • Sadaf Fatima & Sumit Kumar Mishra & Ajit Ahlawat & Ashok Priyadarshan Dimri, 2022. "Physico-Chemical Properties and Deposition Potential of PM 2.5 during Severe Smog Event in Delhi, India," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-24, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:22:p:15387-:d:979239
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Chaicharn Pothirat & Warawut Chaiwong & Chalerm Liwsrisakun & Chaiwat Bumroongkit & Athavudh Deesomchok & Theerakorn Theerakittikul & Atikun Limsukon & Pattraporn Tajaroenmuang & Nittaya Phetsuk, 2019. "Influence of Particulate Matter during Seasonal Smog on Quality of Life and Lung Function in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-8, January.
    2. Meera Subramanian, 2016. "Can Delhi save itself from its toxic air?," Nature, Nature, vol. 534(7606), pages 166-169, June.
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