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Advancements in Monitoring Water Quality Based on Various Sensing Methods: A Systematic Review

Author

Listed:
  • Siti Nadhirah Zainurin

    (Advanced Devices and System, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia)

  • Wan Zakiah Wan Ismail

    (Advanced Devices and System, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia)

  • Siti Nurul Iman Mahamud

    (TF AMD Microelectronics Sdn Bhd, Kawasan Perindustrian Bayan Lepas, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia)

  • Irneza Ismail

    (Advanced Devices and System, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia)

  • Juliza Jamaludin

    (Advanced Devices and System, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia)

  • Khairul Nabilah Zainul Ariffin

    (Advanced Devices and System, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia)

  • Wan Maryam Wan Ahmad Kamil

    (School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia)

Abstract

Nowadays, water pollution has become a global issue affecting most countries in the world. Water quality should be monitored to alert authorities on water pollution, so that action can be taken quickly. The objective of the review is to study various conventional and modern methods of monitoring water quality to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the methods. The methods include the Internet of Things (IoT), virtual sensing, cyber-physical system (CPS), and optical techniques. In this review, water quality monitoring systems and process control in several countries, such as New Zealand, China, Serbia, Bangladesh, Malaysia, and India, are discussed. Conventional and modern methods are compared in terms of parameters, complexity, and reliability. Recent methods of water quality monitoring techniques are also reviewed to study any loopholes in modern methods. We found that CPS is suitable for monitoring water quality due to a good combination of physical and computational algorithms. Its embedded sensors, processors, and actuators can be designed to detect and interact with environments. We believe that conventional methods are costly and complex, whereas modern methods are also expensive but simpler with real-time detection. Traditional approaches are more time-consuming and expensive due to the high maintenance of laboratory facilities, involve chemical materials, and are inefficient for on-site monitoring applications. Apart from that, previous monitoring methods have issues in achieving a reliable measurement of water quality parameters in real time. There are still limitations in instruments for detecting pollutants and producing valuable information on water quality. Thus, the review is important in order to compare previous methods and to improve current water quality assessments in terms of reliability and cost-effectiveness.

Suggested Citation

  • Siti Nadhirah Zainurin & Wan Zakiah Wan Ismail & Siti Nurul Iman Mahamud & Irneza Ismail & Juliza Jamaludin & Khairul Nabilah Zainul Ariffin & Wan Maryam Wan Ahmad Kamil, 2022. "Advancements in Monitoring Water Quality Based on Various Sensing Methods: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-21, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:21:p:14080-:d:956848
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Koh Liew See & Nasir Nayan & Zullyadini A. Rahaman, 2017. "Flood Disaster Water Supply: A Review of Issues and Challenges in Malaysia," International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, Human Resource Management Academic Research Society, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, vol. 7(10), pages 525-532, October.
    2. Alexandra Canciu & Mihaela Tertis & Oana Hosu & Andreea Cernat & Cecilia Cristea & Florin Graur, 2021. "Modern Analytical Techniques for Detection of Bacteria in Surface and Wastewaters," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-25, June.
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    Cited by:

    1. Siti Nadhirah Zainurin & Wan Zakiah Wan Ismail & Siti Nurul Iman Mahamud & Irneza Ismail & Juliza Jamaludin & Nor Azlina Ab. Aziz, 2023. "Integration of Sensing Framework with a Decision Support System for Monitoring Water Quality in Agriculture," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-14, April.
    2. Asuamah Yeboah, Samuel, 2023. "Empowering Sustainable Consumption: Harnessing the Potential of Smart Grid Systems and Internet of Things for Environmental Conservation," MPRA Paper 117978, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 29 May 2023.

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