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To Vaccinate or Not to Vaccinate—Reasons of Willingness and Reluctance of Students against SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination—An International Experience

Author

Listed:
  • Ryszard Sitarz

    (I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland)

  • Alicja Forma

    (I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
    Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland)

  • Kaja Karakuła

    (I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
    Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland)

  • Dariusz Juchnowicz

    (Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland)

  • Jacek Baj

    (Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland)

  • Jacek Bogucki

    (Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland)

  • Joanna Rog

    (I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland)

  • Michael L. Tee

    (College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines)

  • Cherica A. Tee

    (College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines)

  • Josefina T. Ly-Uson

    (College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines)

  • Md. Saiful Islam

    (Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
    Centre for Advanced Research Excellence in Public Health, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh)

  • Md. Tajuddin Sikder

    (Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh)

  • Ahmed Hashem El-Monshed

    (Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35511, Egypt
    Nursing Department, College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Manama 32038, Bahrain)

  • Ahmed Loutfy

    (Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt)

  • Muhammad Fazal Hussain Qureshi

    (Medical College, Ziauddin Medical University, Saharah-e-Ghalib, Clifton, Karachi 75600, Pakistan)

  • Munib Abbas

    (Department of Medicine, Karachi Medical and Dental College, North Nazimabad, Karachi 74700, Pakistan)

  • Shafaq Taseen

    (Department of Medicine, Karachi Medical and Dental College, North Nazimabad, Karachi 74700, Pakistan)

  • Mahira Lakhani

    (Medical College, Ziauddin Medical University, Saharah-e-Ghalib, Clifton, Karachi 75600, Pakistan)

  • Cuiyan Wang

    (Faculty of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China)

  • Xiaoyang Wan

    (Faculty of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China)

  • Yilin Tan

    (Faculty of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China)

  • Riyu Pan

    (Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China)

  • Roger Ho

    (Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore)

  • Saikarthik Jayakumar

    (Department of Basic Medical Science and Department of Medical Education, College of Dentistry, Al Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia)

  • Saraswathi Ilango

    (Madha Medical College and Research Institute, Kovoor, Chennai 600128, India)

  • Senthil Kumar

    (Madha Medical College and Research Institute, Kovoor, Chennai 600128, India)

  • Ángel A. Ruiz-Chow

    (Centro Médico ABC, Mexico City 05348, Mexico)

  • Adriana Iturbide

    (Centro Médico ABC, Mexico City 05348, Mexico)

  • David D. González-Mille

    (Centro Médico ABC, Mexico City 05348, Mexico)

  • Linh Phuong Doan

    (Duy Tan University, 254 Nguyen Van Linh, Danang 550000, Vietnam)

  • Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz

    (I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland)

Abstract

Despite the vaccine against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) being reported to be safe and effective, the unwillingness to vaccinate and doubts are still common. The aim of this international study was to assess the major reasons for the unwillingness to vaccinate in a group of students from Poland (n = 1202), Bangladesh (n = 1586), India (n = 484), Mexico (n = 234), Egypt (n = 566), Philippines (n = 2076), Pakistan (n = 506), Vietnam (n = 98) and China (n = 503). We conducted an online cross-sectional study that aimed to assess (1) the percentage of vaccinated and unvaccinated students and (2) the reasons associated with willingness/unwillingness to the vaccine. The study included 7255 respondents from 9 countries with a mean age of 21.85 ± 3.66 years. Only 22.11% (n = 1604) of students were vaccinated. However, the majority (69.25%, n = 5025) expressed a willingness to be vaccinated. More willing to vaccinate were students in informal relationships who worked mentally, used psychological/psychiatric services before the pandemic, and studied medicine. There are cultural differences regarding the reasons associated with the unwillingness to vaccinate, but some ‘universal’ might be distinguished that apply to the whole group.

Suggested Citation

  • Ryszard Sitarz & Alicja Forma & Kaja Karakuła & Dariusz Juchnowicz & Jacek Baj & Jacek Bogucki & Joanna Rog & Michael L. Tee & Cherica A. Tee & Josefina T. Ly-Uson & Md. Saiful Islam & Md. Tajuddin Si, 2022. "To Vaccinate or Not to Vaccinate—Reasons of Willingness and Reluctance of Students against SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination—An International Experience," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-20, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:21:p:14012-:d:955560
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Lin Gan & Yan Chen & Peipei Hu & Dawei Wu & Yajuan Zhu & Jinlin Tan & Yufen Li & Dingmei Zhang, 2021. "Willingness to Receive SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and Associated Factors among Chinese Adults: A Cross Sectional Survey," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-12, February.
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