IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2022i16p10362-d893020.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Lowered Quality of Life in Long COVID Is Predicted by Affective Symptoms, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Inflammation and Neuroimmunotoxic Pathways

Author

Listed:
  • Michael Maes

    (Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
    Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
    Research Institute, Medical University Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
    School of Medicine, Barwon Health, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong 3217, Australia)

  • Haneen Tahseen Al-Rubaye

    (College of Medical laboratory Techniques, Imam Ja’afar Al-Sadiq University, Najaf 54001, Iraq)

  • Abbas F. Almulla

    (Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
    Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf 54001, Iraq)

  • Dhurgham Shihab Al-Hadrawi

    (Al-Najaf Center for Cardiac Surgery and Transcatheter Therapy, Najaf 54001, Iraq)

  • Kristina Stoyanova

    (Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
    Research Institute, Medical University Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria)

  • Marta Kubera

    (Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St., 31-343 Krakow, Poland)

  • Hussein Kadhem Al-Hakeim

    (Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kufa, Kufa 54002, Iraq)

Abstract

The physio-affective phenome of Long COVID-19 is predicted by (a) immune-inflammatory biomarkers of the acute infectious phase, including peak body temperature (PBT) and oxygen saturation (SpO2), and (b) the subsequent activation of immune and oxidative stress pathways during Long COVID. The purpose of this study was to delineate the effects of PBT and SpO2 during acute infection, as well as the increased neurotoxicity on the physical, psychological, social and environmental domains of health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) in people with Long COVID. We recruited 86 participants with Long COVID and 39 normal controls, assessed the WHO-QoL-BREF (World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument-Abridged Version, Geneva, Switzerland) and the physio-affective phenome of Long COVID (comprising depression, anxiety and fibromyalgia-fatigue rating scales) and measured PBT and SpO2 during acute infection, and neurotoxicity (NT, comprising serum interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18 and caspase-1, advanced oxidation protein products and myeloperoxidase, calcium and insulin resistance) in Long COVID. We found that 70.3% of the variance in HR-QoL was explained by the regression on the physio-affective phenome, lowered calcium and increased NT, whilst 61.5% of the variance in the physio-affective phenome was explained by calcium, NT, increased PBT, lowered SpO2, female sex and vaccination with AstraZeneca and Pfizer. The effects of PBT and SpO2 on lowered HR-QoL were mediated by increased NT and lowered calcium yielding increased severity of the physio-affective phenome which largely affects HR-QoL. In conclusion, lowered HR-Qol in Long COVID is largely predicted by the severity of neuro-immune and neuro-oxidative pathways during acute and Long COVID.

Suggested Citation

  • Michael Maes & Haneen Tahseen Al-Rubaye & Abbas F. Almulla & Dhurgham Shihab Al-Hadrawi & Kristina Stoyanova & Marta Kubera & Hussein Kadhem Al-Hakeim, 2022. "Lowered Quality of Life in Long COVID Is Predicted by Affective Symptoms, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Inflammation and Neuroimmunotoxic Pathways," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-21, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:16:p:10362-:d:893020
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/16/10362/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/16/10362/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Nawar Diar Bakerly & Nikki Smith & Julie L. Darbyshire & Joseph Kwon & Emily Bullock & Sareeta Baley & Manoj Sivan & Brendan Delaney, 2024. "Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Long COVID: A Mixed Method Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(4), pages 1-23, April.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:16:p:10362-:d:893020. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    We have no bibliographic references for this item. You can help adding them by using this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.