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Second-Hand Smoke and Its Synergistic Effect with a Body-Mass Index of >24.9 kg/m 2 Increase the Risk of Gout Arthritis in Indonesia

Author

Listed:
  • Maria Dyah Kurniasari

    (School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Wu-Xing Street, No 250, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan
    Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana, Diponegoro Street, No 52-60, Salatiga City 50711, Indonesia)

  • Ferry Fredy Karwur

    (Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana, Diponegoro Street, No 52-60, Salatiga City 50711, Indonesia)

  • Rosiana Eva Rayanti

    (Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana, Diponegoro Street, No 52-60, Salatiga City 50711, Indonesia)

  • Edi Dharmana

    (Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Prof. Sudarto Street, No.13, Semarang City 50275, Indonesia)

  • Yohanes Andy Rias

    (Faculty of Health and Medicine, Institut Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Wiyata Kediri, College of Nursing, KH Wachid Hasyim Street, No.65, Kediri City 64114, Indonesia)

  • Kuei Ru Chou

    (School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Wu-Xing Street, No 250, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan
    Center for Nursing and Healthcare Research in Clinical Practice Application, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
    Department of Nursing, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei 23561, Taiwan
    Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan)

  • Hsiu-Ting Tsai

    (School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Wu-Xing Street, No 250, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan
    Post-Baccalaureate Program in Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Wu-Xing Street, No 250, Taipei 11031, Taiwan)

Abstract

To analyze the association between smoking status (active smoking and exposure to Second-Hand Smoking (SHS)) and the synergistic effect of smoking status and BMI with gout risk, a community-based case-control design was undertaken among 385 participants, including 304 healthy controls and 81 gout patients from seven community health services. Adjusted Odd Ratios (AORs) and 95% Confidence Interval (CIs) of gout for active smoking and SHS were 3.26 (95% CI = 1.07~9.90) and 4.67 (95% CI = 2.18~10.00) compared to non-smokers. Time-dependent manner of active smoking and SHS significantly increased gout risk with AORs and 95% CIs of 5.95 (1.41~25.03) and 10.12 (3.51~29.14). Dose-dependency of active smokers and SHS showed AORs and 95% CIs of 5.15 (1.28~20.63) and 4.37 (1.33~14.28). Smoking 20 cigarettes (one pack) per day for one year is equivalent to one pack-year. Active smoking >20 pack-year and SHS > 26.5 pack-year increased gout risk with AORs and 95% CIs of 7.18 (1.53~33.67) and 9.95 (3.64~27.22). Participants who smoked (active smoking and SHS) and with Body Mass Index (BMI) of > 24.9 kg/m 2 synergistically increased gout risk, with an AOR of 9.65 and 95% CI of 3.25~28.65, compared to BMI ≤ 24.9 kg/m 2 and non-smoker. Smoking status (active smoking and SHS) and the synergistic effect of smoking status and BMI increased gout risk in Indonesia.

Suggested Citation

  • Maria Dyah Kurniasari & Ferry Fredy Karwur & Rosiana Eva Rayanti & Edi Dharmana & Yohanes Andy Rias & Kuei Ru Chou & Hsiu-Ting Tsai, 2021. "Second-Hand Smoke and Its Synergistic Effect with a Body-Mass Index of >24.9 kg/m 2 Increase the Risk of Gout Arthritis in Indonesia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-15, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:8:p:4324-:d:539132
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yohanes Andy Rias & Christopher James Gordon & Shu Fen Niu & Bayu Satria Wiratama & Ching Wen Chang & Hsiu Ting Tsai, 2020. "Secondhand Smoke Correlates with Elevated Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio and Has a Synergistic Effect with Physical Inactivity on Increasing Susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Community-Based ," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-16, August.
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