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Mental Health in the Era of the Second Wave of SARS-CoV-2: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on an Online Survey among Online Respondents in Poland

Author

Listed:
  • Mateusz Babicki

    (Department of Family Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-141 Wroclaw, Poland)

  • Ilona Szewczykowska

    (Intensive Care Unit, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland)

  • Agnieszka Mastalerz-Migas

    (Department of Family Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-141 Wroclaw, Poland)

Abstract

The main objective of this study was to assess mental health during the COVID-19 second wave. The study was conducted using a proprietary questionnaire that had been provided via the Internet to online respondents in Poland. The questionnaire questions included a socio-geographic assessment, proprietary questions assessing the respondents’ current approach to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as a standardised psychometric tool—GHQ-28. The study involved 2155 respondents, 99.8% of whom gave their consent for the participation in the study. A mean GHQ score was 29.25 ± 14.94 points. The criterion for minor mental disorders (≥24 points) was met by 1272 (59.2%) respondents. In overall interpretation as well as in each of GHQ-28 subscales, women obtained significantly higher scores than men ( p < 0.001). The restriction on earning opportunities during the COVID-19 pandemic is significantly associated with the feeling of anxiety/insomnia severity among the respondents (9.96 vs. 8.82 points; p < 0.001). The COVID-19 pandemic, although it has already been experienced for nearly a year, has had a significant association with the general mental health of the respondents in Poland. There is a strong need to implement special programs that offer psychological support in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for those who had direct experience with COVID-19 infection.

Suggested Citation

  • Mateusz Babicki & Ilona Szewczykowska & Agnieszka Mastalerz-Migas, 2021. "Mental Health in the Era of the Second Wave of SARS-CoV-2: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on an Online Survey among Online Respondents in Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-15, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:5:p:2522-:d:509990
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Diego Delgado & Fernando Wyss Quintana & Gonzalo Perez & Alvaro Sosa Liprandi & Carlos Ponte-Negretti & Ivan Mendoza & Adrian Baranchuk, 2020. "Personal Safety during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Realities and Perspectives of Healthcare Workers in Latin America," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-8, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Mohd Noor Norhayati & Ruhana Che Yusof & Mohd Yacob Azman, 2021. "Prevalence of Psychological Impacts on Healthcare Providers during COVID-19 Pandemic in Asia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-15, August.
    2. Agata Chudzicka-Czupała & Soon-Kiat Chiang & Damian Grabowski & Marta Żywiołek-Szeja & Matthew Quek & Bartosz Pudełek & Kayla Teopiz & Roger Ho & Roger S. McIntyre, 2022. "Predictors of Psychological Distress across Three Time Periods during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-16, November.
    3. Mateusz Babicki & Ilona Szewczykowska & Agnieszka Mastalerz-Migas, 2021. "The Mental Well-Being of Health Care Workers during the Peak of the COVID-19 Pandemic—A Nationwide Study in Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-12, June.
    4. Kacper Wróbel & Anna Justyna Milewska & Michał Marczak & Remigiusz Kozłowski, 2021. "The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Composition of Dietary Supplements and Functional Foods Notified in Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-26, November.
    5. Ishtiaq Ahmad & Gaku Masuda & Sugishita Tomohiko & Chaudhry Ahmed Shabbir, 2022. "Living Well as a Muslim through the Pandemic Era—A Qualitative Study in Japan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(10), pages 1-15, May.
    6. Estera Twardowska-Staszek & Irmina Rostek & Krzysztof Biel & Anna Seredyńska, 2021. "Predictors of Positive and Negative Emotions Experienced by Poles during the Second Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-15, November.
    7. Alejandro Salazar & Jenifer Palomo-Osuna & Helena de Sola & Jose A. Moral-Munoz & María Dueñas & Inmaculada Failde, 2021. "Psychological Impact of the Lockdown Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in University Workers: Factors Related to Stress, Anxiety, and Depression," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-16, April.

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