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Late Menarche, Not Reproductive Period, Is Associated with Poor Cognitive Function in Postmenopausal Women in Taiwan

Author

Listed:
  • Hung-Tse Chou

    (Department of General Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
    Both are equal contributors.)

  • Pei-Yu Wu

    (Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan
    Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan)

  • Jiun-Chi Huang

    (Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan
    Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
    Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan)

  • Szu-Chia Chen

    (Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan
    Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
    Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
    Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan)

  • Wan-Yi Ho

    (Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan)

Abstract

Female sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone play an important role in the regulation of a woman’s body, including cognition and neurogenesis. However, the effects of age at menarche and reproductive period on cognitive function are still controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between age at menarche and reproductive period with cognitive impairment. Data were obtained from the Taiwan Biobank. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and its five subdomains. Multivariable linear regression analysis revealed that an old age at menarche (per one year; coefficient β, −0.189; p = 0.020) was significantly associated with a low total MMSE score, whereas reproductive period ( p = 0.733) was not significantly associated with total MMSE score. Furthermore, an old age at menarche was significantly associated with low MMSE G2 (registration) (per one year; coefficient β, −0.022; p = 0.035) and G5 (language, construction and obey) scores (per one year; coefficient β, −0.054; p = 0.047). However, age at menarche was not significantly associated with MMSE G1 (orientation), G3 (attention and calculation) and G4 (recall) scores. In addition, reproductive period was not significantly associated with any MMSE subscores. Late menarche was associated with poor cognitive function, including low total MMSE score and low MMSE G2 and G5 scores. However, reproductive period was not associated with cognitive function in postmenopausal women.

Suggested Citation

  • Hung-Tse Chou & Pei-Yu Wu & Jiun-Chi Huang & Szu-Chia Chen & Wan-Yi Ho, 2021. "Late Menarche, Not Reproductive Period, Is Associated with Poor Cognitive Function in Postmenopausal Women in Taiwan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-11, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:5:p:2345-:d:507318
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