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Patulin Contamination of Citrus Fruits from Punjab and Northern Pakistan and Estimation of Associated Dietary Intake

Author

Listed:
  • Kinza Aslam

    (Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan)

  • Shahzad Zafar Iqbal

    (Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan)

  • Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis

    (Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
    Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia)

  • Sunusi Usman

    (Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia)

  • Nada Basheir Ali

    (Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia)

Abstract

This research aims to assess the natural occurrence of patulin (PAT) in selected citrus fruits from central cities of Punjab and Pakistan’s northern cities. A total of 2970 fruit samples from 12 citrus cultivars were examined using liquid chromatography fitted with a UV detector. The detection limit (LOD) and quantification limit were 0.04 and 0.12 µg/kg, respectively. About 56% of samples of citrus fruits from Punjab’s central cities, Pakistan, were found to be contaminated with PAT, with values ranging from 0.12 to 1150 µg/kg in samples from central Punjab cities. Furthermore, 31.7% of samples of citrus fruits from northern cities of Pakistan were contaminated with PAT, with values ranging from 0.12 to 320 µg/kg. About 22.1% of citrus fruit samples had PAT levels greater than the suggested limits established by the European Union (EU). The dietary intake levels of PAT ranged from 0.10 to 1.11 µg/kg bw/day in the central cities of Punjab, Pakistan, and 0.13 to 1.93 µg/kg bw/day in the northern cities of Pakistan.

Suggested Citation

  • Kinza Aslam & Shahzad Zafar Iqbal & Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis & Sunusi Usman & Nada Basheir Ali, 2021. "Patulin Contamination of Citrus Fruits from Punjab and Northern Pakistan and Estimation of Associated Dietary Intake," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-13, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:5:p:2270-:d:505763
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Shahzad Zafar Iqbal & Sunusi Usman & Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis & Nada Basheir Ali & Tahmina Saif & Muhammad Rafique Asi, 2020. "Assessment of Deoxynivalenol in Wheat, Corn and Its Products and Estimation of Dietary Intake," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(15), pages 1-10, August.
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