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Exposure to Phthalate and Organophosphate Esters via Indoor Dust and PM10 Is a Cause of Concern for the Exposed Saudi Population

Author

Listed:
  • Nadeem Ali

    (Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia)

  • Nabil A. Alhakamy

    (Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia)

  • Iqbal M. I. Ismail

    (Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
    Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21413, Saudi Arabia)

  • Ehtisham Nazar

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Gujrat, Punjab 50700, Pakistan)

  • Ahmed Saleh Summan

    (Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
    Department of Environmental Sciences, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia)

  • Syed Ali Musstjab Akbar Shah Eqani

    (Public Health and Environment Division, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan)

  • Govindan Malarvannan

    (Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium)

Abstract

In this study, we measured the occurrence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and phthalates in the settled dust (floor and air conditioner filter dust) and in suspended particulate matter (PM10) from different microenvironments (households ( n = 20), offices ( n = 10) and hotels ( n = 10)) of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Bis (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the major pollutant (contributing >85% of total chemicals burden) in all types of indoor dust with a concentration up to 3,901,500 ng g −1 . While dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and DEHP together contributed >70% in PM10 (1900 ng m −3 ), which indicate PM10 as a significant source of exposure for DBP and DEHP in different Saudi indoor settings. Tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) was the major OPE in PM10 with a concentration of up to 185 ng m −3 and the occurrence of OPEs in indoor dust varied in studied indoor settings. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of studied chemicals via dust ingestion and inhalation of PM10 was below the reference dose (RfD) of individual chemicals. However, estimated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) with moderate risk (1.5 × 10 −5 ) for Saudi adults and calculated hazardous index (HI) of >1 for Saudi children from DEHP showed a cause of concern to the local public health.

Suggested Citation

  • Nadeem Ali & Nabil A. Alhakamy & Iqbal M. I. Ismail & Ehtisham Nazar & Ahmed Saleh Summan & Syed Ali Musstjab Akbar Shah Eqani & Govindan Malarvannan, 2021. "Exposure to Phthalate and Organophosphate Esters via Indoor Dust and PM10 Is a Cause of Concern for the Exposed Saudi Population," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-15, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:4:p:2125-:d:503628
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Jiaqi Ding & Wenxin Liu & Hong Zhang & Lingyan Zhu & Lin Zhu & Jianfeng Feng, 2021. "Liver-Based Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Exposure to Organophosphate Esters via Dust Ingestion Using a Physiologically Based Toxicokinetic (PBTK) Model," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-18, November.

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