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Associations of Maternal Stress, Prenatal Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), and Demographic Risk Factors with Birth Outcomes and Offspring Neurodevelopment: An Overview of the ECHO.CA.IL Prospective Birth Cohorts

Author

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  • Stephanie M. Eick

    (Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
    Indicates joint first authors and both authors contributed equally to this manuscript.)

  • Elizabeth A. Enright

    (Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA
    Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
    Indicates joint first authors and both authors contributed equally to this manuscript.)

  • Sarah D. Geiger

    (Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA
    Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA)

  • Kelsey L. C. Dzwilewski

    (Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA)

  • Erin DeMicco

    (Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA)

  • Sabrina Smith

    (Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA)

  • June-Soo Park

    (Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA)

  • Andrea Aguiar

    (Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA
    Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61802, USA)

  • Tracey J. Woodruff

    (Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
    Indicates joint senior authors.)

  • Rachel Morello-Frosch

    (Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
    Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management and School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
    Indicates joint senior authors.)

  • Susan L. Schantz

    (Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA
    Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61802, USA
    Indicates joint senior authors.)

Abstract

Background. Infants whose mothers experience greater psychosocial stress and environmental chemical exposures during pregnancy may face greater rates of preterm birth, lower birth weight, and impaired neurodevelopment. Methods. ECHO.CA.IL is composed of two cohorts, Chemicals in Our Bodies (CIOB; n = 822 pregnant women and n = 286 infants) and Illinois Kids Development Study (IKIDS; n = 565 mother-infant pairs), which recruit pregnant women from San Francisco, CA and Urbana-Champaign, IL, respectively. We examined associations between demographic characteristics and gestational age, birth weight z-scores, and cognition at 7.5 months across these two cohorts using linear models. We also examined differences in biomarkers of exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), measured in second-trimester serum, and psychosocial stressors by cohort and participant demographics. Results. To date, these cohorts have recruited over 1300 pregnant women combined. IKIDS has mothers who are majority white (80%), whereas CIOB mothers are racially and ethnically diverse (38% white, 34% Hispanic, 17% Asian/Pacific Islander). Compared to CIOB, median levels of PFOS, a specific PFAS congener, are higher in IKIDS (2.45 ng/mL versus 1.94 ng/mL), while psychosocial stressors are higher among CIOB. Across both cohorts, women who were non-white and single had lower birth weight z-scores relative to white women and married women, respectively. Demographic characteristics are not associated with cognitive outcomes at 7.5 months. Conclusions. This profile of the ECHO.CA.IL cohort found that mothers and their infants who vary in terms of socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and geographic location are similar in many of our measures of exposures and cognitive outcomes. Similar to past work, we found that non-white and single women had lower birth weight infants than white and married women. We also found differences in levels of PFOS and psychosocial stressors based on geographic location.

Suggested Citation

  • Stephanie M. Eick & Elizabeth A. Enright & Sarah D. Geiger & Kelsey L. C. Dzwilewski & Erin DeMicco & Sabrina Smith & June-Soo Park & Andrea Aguiar & Tracey J. Woodruff & Rachel Morello-Frosch & Susan, 2021. "Associations of Maternal Stress, Prenatal Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), and Demographic Risk Factors with Birth Outcomes and Offspring Neurodevelopment: An Overview of the EC," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-17, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:2:p:742-:d:481634
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Stephanie M Eick & Dana E Goin & Monika A Izano & Lara Cushing & Erin DeMicco & Amy M Padula & Tracey J Woodruff & Rachel Morello-Frosch, 2020. "Relationships between psychosocial stressors among pregnant women in San Francisco: A path analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(6), pages 1-16, June.
    2. Hanna M Vesterinen & Rachel Morello-Frosch & Saunak Sen & Lauren Zeise & Tracey J Woodruff, 2017. "Cumulative effects of prenatal-exposure to exogenous chemicals and psychosocial stress on fetal growth: Systematic-review of the human and animal evidence," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(7), pages 1-29, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Zygmunt F. Dembek & Robert A. Lordo, 2022. "Influence of Perfluoroalkyl Substances on Occurrence of Coronavirus Disease 2019," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-12, April.

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