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Fate of Emerging Contaminants in High-Rate Activated Sludge Systems

Author

Listed:
  • Elena Koumaki

    (Sanitary Engineering Laboratory, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou, Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece)

  • Constantinos Noutsopoulos

    (Sanitary Engineering Laboratory, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou, Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece)

  • Daniel Mamais

    (Sanitary Engineering Laboratory, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou, Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece)

  • Gerasimos Fragkiskatos

    (Sanitary Engineering Laboratory, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou, Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece)

  • Andreas Andreadakis

    (Sanitary Engineering Laboratory, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou, Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece)

Abstract

High-rate activated sludge (HRAS) systems are designed to shift the energy-intensive processes to energy-saving and sustainable technologies for wastewater treatment. The high food-to-microorganism (F/M) ratios and low solid retention times (SRTs) and hydraulic retention times (HRTs) applied in HRAS systems result in the maximization of organic matter diversion to the sludge which can produce large amounts of biogas during anaerobic digestion, thus moving toward energy-neutral (or positive) treatment processes. However, in addition to the energy optimization, the removal of emerging contaminants (ECs) is the new challenge in wastewater treatment. In the context of this study, the removal efficiencies and the fates of selected ECs (three endocrine disruptors (endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs))—nonylphenol, bisphenol A and triclosan, and four pharmaceuticals (PhACs)—ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac and ketoprofen) in HRAS systems have been studied. According to the results, EDCs occurred in raw wastewater and secondary sludge at higher concentrations compared to PhACs. In HRAS operating schemes, all compounds were poorly (<40%) to moderately (<60%) removed. Regarding removal mechanisms, biotransformation was found to be the dominant process for PhACs, while for EDCs sorption onto sludge is the most significant removal mechanism affecting their fates and their presence in excess sludge.

Suggested Citation

  • Elena Koumaki & Constantinos Noutsopoulos & Daniel Mamais & Gerasimos Fragkiskatos & Andreas Andreadakis, 2021. "Fate of Emerging Contaminants in High-Rate Activated Sludge Systems," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-16, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:2:p:400-:d:475876
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Patricia McGettigan & David Henry, 2013. "Use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs That Elevate Cardiovascular Risk: An Examination of Sales and Essential Medicines Lists in Low-, Middle-, and High-Income Countries," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(2), pages 1-6, February.
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    Cited by:

    1. Daniel Cosano & Dolores Esquivel & Francisco J. Romero-Salguero & César Jiménez-Sanchidrián & José Rafael Ruiz, 2022. "Efficient Removal of Nonylphenol Isomers from Water by Use of Organo-Hydrotalcites," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-11, June.

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