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Review of the Existing Evidence for Sex-Specific Relationships between Prenatal Phthalate Exposure and Children’s Neurodevelopment

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  • Agnieszka Jankowska

    (Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Hazards, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (NIOM), 91-348 Lodz, Poland)

  • Linda Nazareth

    (Division of Students in English, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland)

  • Dorota Kaleta

    (Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland)

  • Kinga Polanska

    (Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Hazards, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (NIOM), 91-348 Lodz, Poland
    Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland)

Abstract

Phthalates are well-known, ubiquitous environmental contaminants influencing children’s health and their neurodevelopment. However, results of the previously conducted studies are not entirely conclusive. The aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge with respect to the association between the prenatal phthalate exposure and sex-specific child neurodevelopmental outcomes. A systematic search of the literature was carried out to identify the studies that analyse the sex-specific association between prenatal exposure to phthalates and cognitive, psychomotor outcomes and behavioural and emotional problems. The search was conducted in May 2021, and it was limited to the papers published in English between January 2015 and April 2021. The following databases were used: PubMed, Scopus and Elsevier. The selection process was carried out by two independent authors according to the inclusion criteria. Of a total of 7542 records, 17 epidemiological studies met the inclusion criteria with regards to phthalate exposure and sex-specific differences in child neurobehavioural development. The review shows no clear pattern of association between maternal exposure to phthalates during pregnancy and offspring neurodevelopment. No clearly pronounced sex specific effects, except for BBzP exposure and decreased motor ablates among girls, have been indicated. Inconsistences in the results, as well as unsolved issues related to the interpretation of the results in the context of the exposure level, outcomes, confounders, and biological plausibility highlight the necessity for further research in the field.

Suggested Citation

  • Agnieszka Jankowska & Linda Nazareth & Dorota Kaleta & Kinga Polanska, 2021. "Review of the Existing Evidence for Sex-Specific Relationships between Prenatal Phthalate Exposure and Children’s Neurodevelopment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-18, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:24:p:13013-:d:698998
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ruihua Dong & Shanzhen Zhao & Han Zhang & Jingsi Chen & Meiru Zhang & Min Wang & Min Wu & Shuguang Li & Bo Chen, 2017. "Sex Differences in the Association of Urinary Concentrations of Phthalates Metabolites with Self-Reported Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases in Shanghai Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-15, June.
    2. Machiko Minatoya & Reiko Kishi, 2021. "A Review of Recent Studies on Bisphenol A and Phthalate Exposures and Child Neurodevelopment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-21, March.
    3. Małgorzata Znyk & Joanna Jurewicz & Dorota Kaleta, 2021. "Exposure to Heated Tobacco Products and Adverse Health Effects, a Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-18, June.
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