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A Scoping Review on Minimum Foot Clearance Measurement: Sensing Modalities

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  • Ghazaleh Delfi

    (KITE—Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada)

  • Abdulrahman Al Bochi

    (KITE—Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada)

  • Tilak Dutta

    (KITE—Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada
    Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada)

Abstract

Background: Falls are a major public health issue and tripping is the most common self-reported cause of outdoor falls. Minimum foot clearance (MFC) is a key parameter for identifying the probability of tripping. Optical motion capture systems are commonly used to measure MFC values; however, there is a need to identify alternative modalities that are better suited to collecting data in real-world settings. Objective: This is the first of a two-part scoping review. The objective of this paper is to identify and evaluate alternative measurement modalities to optical motion capture systems for measuring level-ground MFC. A companion paper identifies conditions that impact MFC and the range of MFC values individuals that these conditions exhibit. Methods: We searched four electronic databases, where peer-reviewed journals and conference papers reporting level-ground MFC characteristics were identified. The papers were screened by two independent reviewers for inclusion. The reporting was done in keeping with the PRISMA-ScR reporting guidelines. Results: From an initial search of 1571 papers, 17 papers were included in this paper. The identified technologies were inertial measurement units (IMUs) ( n = 10), ultrasonic sensors ( n = 2), infrared sensors (IR) ( n = 2), optical proximity sensors (OPS) ( n = 1), laser ranging sensors ( n = 1), and ultra-wideband sensors ( n = 1). From the papers, we extracted the sensor type, the analysis methods, the properties of the proposed system, and its accuracy and validation methods. Conclusions: The two most commonly used alternative modalities were IMUs and OPS. There was a lack of standardization among studies utilizing the same measurement modalities, as well as discrepancies in the methods used to assess performance. We provide a list of recommendations for future work to allow for more meaningful comparison between modalities as well as future research directions.

Suggested Citation

  • Ghazaleh Delfi & Abdulrahman Al Bochi & Tilak Dutta, 2021. "A Scoping Review on Minimum Foot Clearance Measurement: Sensing Modalities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-12, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:20:p:10848-:d:657252
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Li, W. & Keegan, T.H.M. & Sternfeld, B. & Sidney, S. & Quesenberry Jr., C.P. & Kelsey, J.L., 2006. "Outdoor falls among middle-aged and older adults: A neglected public health problem," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 96(7), pages 1192-1200.
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    1. Abdulrahman Al Bochi & Ghazaleh Delfi & Tilak Dutta, 2021. "A Scoping Review on Minimum Foot Clearance: An Exploration of Level-Ground Clearance in Individuals with Abnormal Gait," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-23, September.

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