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Higher Neighborhood Population Density Is Associated with Lower Potassium Intake in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)

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  • David B. Hanna

    (Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA)

  • Simin Hua

    (Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA)

  • Franklyn Gonzalez

    (Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA)

  • Kiarri N. Kershaw

    (Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA)

  • Andrew G. Rundle

    (Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA)

  • Linda V. Van Horn

    (Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA)

  • Judith Wylie-Rosett

    (Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA)

  • Marc D. Gellman

    (Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA)

  • Gina S. Lovasi

    (Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Urban Health Collective, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA)

  • Robert C. Kaplan

    (Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
    Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA)

  • Yasmin Mossavar-Rahmani

    (Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA)

  • Pamela A. Shaw

    (Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA)

Abstract

Current U.S. dietary guidelines recommend a daily potassium intake of 3400 mg/day for men and 2600 mg/day for women. Sub-optimal access to nutrient-rich foods may limit potassium intake and increase cardiometabolic risk. We examined the association of neighborhood characteristics related to food availability with potassium intake in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). 13,835 participants completed a 24-h dietary recall assessment and had complete covariates. Self-reported potassium intake was calibrated with an objective 24-h urinary potassium biomarker, using equations developed in the SOL Nutrition & Physical Activity Assessment Study (SOLNAS, N = 440). Neighborhood population density, median household income, Hispanic/Latino diversity, and a retail food environment index by census tract were obtained. Linear regression assessed associations with 24-h potassium intake, adjusting for individual-level and neighborhood confounders. Mean 24-h potassium was 2629 mg/day based on the SOLNAS biomarker and 2702 mg/day using multiple imputation and HCHS/SOL biomarker calibration. Compared with the lowest quartile of neighborhood population density, living in the highest quartile was associated with a 26% lower potassium intake in SOLNAS (adjusted fold-change 0.74, 95% CI 0.59–0.94) and a 39% lower intake in HCHS/SOL (adjusted fold-change 0.61 95% CI 0.45–0.84). Results were only partially explained by the retail food environment. The mechanisms by which population density affects potassium intake should be further studied.

Suggested Citation

  • David B. Hanna & Simin Hua & Franklyn Gonzalez & Kiarri N. Kershaw & Andrew G. Rundle & Linda V. Van Horn & Judith Wylie-Rosett & Marc D. Gellman & Gina S. Lovasi & Robert C. Kaplan & Yasmin Mossavar-, 2021. "Higher Neighborhood Population Density Is Associated with Lower Potassium Intake in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-17, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:20:p:10716-:d:654995
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Caryn N. Bell & Jordan Kerr & Jessica L. Young, 2019. "Associations between Obesity, Obesogenic Environments, and Structural Racism Vary by County-Level Racial Composition," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-17, March.
    2. Moulton, Brent R, 1990. "An Illustration of a Pitfall in Estimating the Effects of Aggregate Variables on Micro Unit," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 72(2), pages 334-338, May.
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