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Regression-Based Normative Data for Independent and Cognitively Active Spanish Older Adults: Digit Span, Letters and Numbers, Trail Making Test and Symbol Digit Modalities Test

Author

Listed:
  • Clara Iñesta

    (SABIEX, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Av. de la Universidad, 03207 Elche, Spain)

  • Javier Oltra-Cucarella

    (SABIEX, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Av. de la Universidad, 03207 Elche, Spain
    Department of Health Psychology, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain)

  • Beatriz Bonete-López

    (SABIEX, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Av. de la Universidad, 03207 Elche, Spain
    Department of Health Psychology, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain)

  • Eva Calderón-Rubio

    (SABIEX, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Av. de la Universidad, 03207 Elche, Spain)

  • Esther Sitges-Maciá

    (SABIEX, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Av. de la Universidad, 03207 Elche, Spain
    Department of Health Psychology, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain)

Abstract

In this work, we developed normative data for the neuropsychological assessment of independent and cognitively active Spanish older adults over 55 years of age. Method: Regression-based normative data were calculated from a sample of 103 non-depressed independent community-dwelling adults aged 55 or older (67% women). Raw data for Digit Span (DS), Letters and Numbers (LN), the Trail Making Test (TMT), and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) were regressed on age, sex, and education. The model predicting TMT-B scores also included TMT-A scores. Z-scores for the discrepancy between observed and predicted scores were used to identify low scores. The base rate of low scores for SABIEX normative data was compared to the base rate of low scores using published normative data obtained from the general population. Results: The effects of age, sex, and education varied across neuropsychological measures. Although the proportion of low scores was similar between normative datasets, there was no agreement in the identification of cognitively impaired individuals. Conclusions: Normative data obtained from the general population might not be sensitive to identify low scores in cognitively active older adults, incorrectly classifying them as cognitively normal compared to the less-active population. We provide a friendly calculator for use in neuropsychological assessment in cognitively active Spanish people aged 55 or older.

Suggested Citation

  • Clara Iñesta & Javier Oltra-Cucarella & Beatriz Bonete-López & Eva Calderón-Rubio & Esther Sitges-Maciá, 2021. "Regression-Based Normative Data for Independent and Cognitively Active Spanish Older Adults: Digit Span, Letters and Numbers, Trail Making Test and Symbol Digit Modalities Test," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-18, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:19:p:9958-:d:640645
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Christine M Proulx & Angela L Curl & Ashley E Ermer, 2018. "Longitudinal Associations Between Formal Volunteering and Cognitive Functioning," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 73(3), pages 522-531.
    2. Hayley Guiney & Liana Machado, 2018. "Volunteering in the Community: Potential Benefits for Cognitive Aging," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 73(3), pages 399-408.
    3. Fomba Louisette Naah & Aloysius Mom Njong & Jude Ndzifon Kimengsi, 2020. "Determinants of Active and Healthy Ageing in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Cameroon," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-24, April.
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    1. Eva Calderón-Rubio & Javier Oltra-Cucarella & Beatriz Bonete-López & Clara Iñesta & Esther Sitges-Maciá, 2021. "Regression-Based Normative Data for Independent and Cognitively Active Spanish Older Adults: Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test, Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test and Judgement of Line Orientatio," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-14, December.

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