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Physiological and Psychological Responses to a Maximal Swimming Exercise Test in Adolescent Elite Athletes

Author

Listed:
  • Gábor Almási

    (Department of Health Science and Sports Medicine, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary)

  • Edit Bosnyák

    (Department of Health Science and Sports Medicine, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary)

  • Ákos Móra

    (Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary)

  • Annamária Zsákai

    (Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary)

  • Piroska V. Fehér

    (Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary)

  • Dorina Annár

    (Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary)

  • Nikoletta Nagy

    (Department of Swimming and Water Sports, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary)

  • Zsófia Sziráki

    (Department of Health Science and Sports Medicine, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary)

  • Han C. G. Kemper

    (EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands)

  • Márta Szmodis

    (Department of Health Science and Sports Medicine, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary)

Abstract

Background: Continuously rising performances in elite adolescent athletes requires increasing training loads. This training overload without professional monitoring, could lead to overtraining in these adolescents. Methods: 31 elite adolescent athletes (boys: n = 19, 16 yrs; girls: n = 12, 15 yrs) participated in a field-test which contained a unified warm-up and a 200 m maximal freestyle swimming test. Saliva samples for testosterone (T) in boys, estradiol (E) in girls and cortisol (C) in both genders were collected pre-, post- and 30 min post-exercise. Lactate levels were obtained pre- and post-exercise. Brunel Mood Scale, Perceived Stress Scale and psychosomatic symptoms questionnaires were filled out post-exercise. Results: Lactate levels differed between genders (boys: pre: 1.01 ± 0.26; post: 8.19 ± 3.24; girls: pre: 0.74 ± 0.23; post: 5.83 ± 2.48 mmol/L). C levels increased significantly in boys: pre- vs. post- ( p = 0.009), pre- vs. 30 min post-exercise ( p = 0.003). The T level ( p = 0.0164) and T/C ratio ( p = 0.0004) decreased after field test which draws attention to the possibility of overtraining. Maximal and resting heart rates did not differ between genders; however, heart rate recovery did (boys: 29.22 ± 7.4; girls: 40.58 ± 14.50 beats/min; p = 0.008). Conclusions: Our models can be used to explain the hormonal ratio changes (37.5–89.8%). Based on the results this method can induce hormonal response in elite adolescent athletes and can be used to notice irregularities with repeated measurements.

Suggested Citation

  • Gábor Almási & Edit Bosnyák & Ákos Móra & Annamária Zsákai & Piroska V. Fehér & Dorina Annár & Nikoletta Nagy & Zsófia Sziráki & Han C. G. Kemper & Márta Szmodis, 2021. "Physiological and Psychological Responses to a Maximal Swimming Exercise Test in Adolescent Elite Athletes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-13, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:17:p:9270-:d:627810
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Ákos Móra & Zsolt Komka & József Végh & István Farkas & Gyöngyi Szilágyi Kocsisné & Edit Bosnyák & Márta Szmodis & Roland Ligetvári & Éva Csöndör & Gábor Almási & András Oláh & Han C. G. Kemper & Mikl, 2022. "Comparison of the Cardiovascular Effects of Extreme Psychological and Physical Stress Tests in Male Soccer Players," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-12, January.

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