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A Cross-Sectional Study to Assess the Frequency and Risk Factors Associated with Cesarean Section in Southern Punjab, Pakistan

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  • Muhammad Fawad Rasool

    (Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Saira Akhtar

    (Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Iltaf Hussain

    (Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Abdul Majeed

    (Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Imran Imran

    (Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Hamid Saeed

    (University College of Pharmacy, Allama Iqbal Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Muqarrab Akbar

    (Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Omer Chaudhry

    (School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Anees ur Rehman

    (Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Waseem Ashraf

    (Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Faleh Alqahtani

    (Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Hussain Alqhtani

    (Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

The increasing frequency of cesarean section (CS) is a major public health issue, and it is on the rise in Pakistan. A cross-sectional study approach was used to assess the frequency of CS and its contributing factors, along with the assessment of knowledge in mothers who had undergone CS in one of the under-developed regions of Pakistan. Data collection was done by using a self-developed study questionnaire. The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was utilized for the statistical analysis. During the study period, a total of 173 (69.7%) women have given births by CS; among those, 104 (60.1%) were elective/planned CSs while 69 (39.8%) were emergency CSs. The higher CS frequency was significantly associated with younger age ( p = 0.03) and pre-term gestational age ( p < 0.001). Pregnancy complications, such as gestational diabetes, hypertension, preeclampsia/eclampsia, and vaginal bleeding, were the significant risk factors for CS ( p < 0.001). The highlighted contributing factors to CS in the current study were preterm of gestational age, mothers of a younger age (20–24 years), and mothers that belong to urban populations. These risk factors can be addressed by implementing community-focused educational interventions during the gestational period. The sample size in this study was small; therefore, the results cannot be generalized to the whole population.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Fawad Rasool & Saira Akhtar & Iltaf Hussain & Abdul Majeed & Imran Imran & Hamid Saeed & Muqarrab Akbar & Muhammad Omer Chaudhry & Anees ur Rehman & Waseem Ashraf & Faleh Alqahtani & Hussain , 2021. "A Cross-Sectional Study to Assess the Frequency and Risk Factors Associated with Cesarean Section in Southern Punjab, Pakistan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-11, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:16:p:8812-:d:618797
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Myriam de Loenzien & Clémence Schantz & Bich Ngoc Luu & Alexandre Dumont, 2019. "Magnitude and correlates of caesarean section in urban and rural areas: A multivariate study in Vietnam," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(7), pages 1-14, July.
    2. Francette Koechlin & Luca Lorenzoni & Paul Schreyer, 2010. "Comparing Price Levels of Hospital Services Across Countries: Results of Pilot Study," OECD Health Working Papers 53, OECD Publishing.
    3. Sarwat Mumtaz & Jinwook Bahk & Young-Ho Khang, 2017. "Rising trends and inequalities in cesarean section rates in Pakistan: Evidence from Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys, 1990-2013," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(10), pages 1-14, October.
    4. Sunita Panda & Cecily Begley & Deirdre Daly, 2018. "Clinicians’ views of factors influencing decision-making for caesarean section: A systematic review and metasynthesis of qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods studies," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(7), pages 1-27, July.
    5. Saman Nazir, 2015. "Determinants of Cesarean Deliveries in Pakistan," PIDE-Working Papers 2015:122, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.
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