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The Brief Form of the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 for Individuals with Visual Impairments

Author

Listed:
  • Ali S. Brian

    (Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA)

  • Angela Starrett

    (Child Development Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA)

  • Adam Pennell

    (Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA)

  • Pamela Haibach Beach

    (SUNY-Brockport, Kinesiology, Sport Studies, and Physical Education, Brockport, NY 14420, USA)

  • Sally Taunton Miedema

    (Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA)

  • Alexandra Stribing

    (Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA)

  • Emily Gilbert

    (SUNY-Cortland, Physical Education Department, Cortland, NY 13045, USA)

  • Matthew Patey

    (Department of Movement Arts, Health Promotion, and Leisure Studies, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA 02324, USA)

  • Lauren J. Lieberman

    (SUNY-Brockport, Kinesiology, Sport Studies, and Physical Education, Brockport, NY 14420, USA)

Abstract

Children with visual impairments (VI) tend to struggle with their fundamental motor skills (FMS), and these difficulties often persist across the lifespan, requiring frequent assessment. The Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD) shows robust psychometric properties for children with VI. The TGMD, which includes 13 skills, is time-consuming to administer and score, warranting the need to explore brief versions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of three, six-skill versions of the TGMD-3 with children with VI. Children ( n = 302; Boys = 58%, Girls = 42%; Mage = 13.00, SD = 2.50 years) with VI (B1 = 27%, B2 = 20%, B3 = 38%, B4 = 15%) participated in this study. We examined three different models using confirmatory factor analyses on the relationships between the motor skills and latent traits across the models. Scores from all three brief versions had acceptable global fit. Although further research should be conducted, practitioners can adopt a brief version of the TGMD to assess children with VI.

Suggested Citation

  • Ali S. Brian & Angela Starrett & Adam Pennell & Pamela Haibach Beach & Sally Taunton Miedema & Alexandra Stribing & Emily Gilbert & Matthew Patey & Lauren J. Lieberman, 2021. "The Brief Form of the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 for Individuals with Visual Impairments," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-11, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:15:p:7962-:d:603050
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Lucy H Eddy & Daniel D Bingham & Kirsty L Crossley & Nishaat F Shahid & Marsha Ellingham-Khan & Ava Otteslev & Natalie S Figueredo & Mark Mon-Williams & Liam J B Hill, 2020. "The validity and reliability of observational assessment tools available to measure fundamental movement skills in school-age children: A systematic review," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(8), pages 1-29, August.
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