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Exploring the Effects of Environmental Factors on the Development of 0–4-Year Old Children in The Netherlands

Author

Listed:
  • Luuk van Wel

    (Risk Analysis for Products in Development, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, P.O. Box 80015, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Paula van Dommelen

    (Department of Child Health, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, P.O. Box 3005, NL-2301 DA Leiden, The Netherlands
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Moniek Zuurbier

    (Public Health Services Gelderland-Midden, P.O. Box 5364, NL-6802 EJ Arnhem, The Netherlands)

  • Debbie Heinen

    (Public Health Services Gelderland-Midden, P.O. Box 5364, NL-6802 EJ Arnhem, The Netherlands)

  • Jennie Odink

    (Public Health Services Gelderland-Midden, P.O. Box 5364, NL-6802 EJ Arnhem, The Netherlands)

  • Janine Bezem

    (Department of Child Health, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, P.O. Box 3005, NL-2301 DA Leiden, The Netherlands
    Public Health Services Gelderland-Midden, P.O. Box 5364, NL-6802 EJ Arnhem, The Netherlands)

  • Paul H. Verkerk

    (Department of Child Health, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, P.O. Box 3005, NL-2301 DA Leiden, The Netherlands)

  • Anjoeka Pronk

    (Risk Analysis for Products in Development, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, P.O. Box 80015, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands)

  • Gerard Hoek

    (Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands)

  • Eelco Kuijpers

    (Risk Analysis for Products in Development, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, P.O. Box 80015, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands)

Abstract

Air pollution, noise, and green space are important environmental exposures, having been linked to a variety of specific health outcomes. However, there are few studies addressing overall early life development. To assess their effects, associations between developmental milestones for a large population of 0–4-year old children in The Netherlands and environmental exposures were explored. Developmental milestones and background characteristics were provided by Preventive Child Health Care (PCHC) and supplemented with data from Statistics Netherlands. Milestones were summarized and standardized into an aggregate score measuring global development. Four age groups were selected. Environmental exposures were assigned to geocoded addresses using publicly available maps for PM 2.5 , PM 10 , PM coarse , NO 2 , EC, road traffic noise, and green space. Associations were investigated using single and multiple-exposure logistic regression models. 43,916 PCHC visits by 29,524 children were available. No consistent associations were found for air pollution and road traffic noise. Green space was positively associated in single and multiple-exposure models although it was not significant in all age groups (OR 1.01 (0.95; 1.08) (1 year) to 1.07 (1.01; 1.14) (2 years)). No consistent associations were found between air pollution, road traffic noise, and global child development. A positive association of green space was indicated.

Suggested Citation

  • Luuk van Wel & Paula van Dommelen & Moniek Zuurbier & Debbie Heinen & Jennie Odink & Janine Bezem & Paul H. Verkerk & Anjoeka Pronk & Gerard Hoek & Eelco Kuijpers, 2021. "Exploring the Effects of Environmental Factors on the Development of 0–4-Year Old Children in The Netherlands," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-11, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:15:p:7782-:d:599320
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Susanne Steinle & Helinor J. Johnston & Miranda Loh & William Mueller & Sotiris Vardoulakis & Kraichat Tantrakarnapa & John W. Cherrie, 2020. "In Utero Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution during Pregnancy: Impact on Birth Weight and Health through the Life Course," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-13, December.
    2. Charlotte Clark & Katarina Paunovic, 2018. "WHO Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region: A Systematic Review on Environmental Noise and Cognition," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-23, February.
    3. Charlotte Clark & Katarina Paunovic, 2018. "WHO Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region: A Systematic Review on Environmental Noise and Quality of Life, Wellbeing and Mental Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-27, October.
    4. Gert-Jan Vanaken & Marina Danckaerts, 2018. "Impact of Green Space Exposure on Children’s and Adolescents’ Mental Health: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-17, November.
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