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Classification and Prediction on the Effects of Nutritional Intake on Overweight/Obesity, Dyslipidemia, Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using Deep Learning Model: 4–7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Author

Listed:
  • Hyerim Kim

    (Department of Food and Nutrition, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Korea)

  • Dong Hoon Lim

    (Department of Information & Statistics, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK21 Four Program) and RINS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Korea)

  • Yoona Kim

    (Department of Food and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Korea)

Abstract

Few studies have been conducted to classify and predict the influence of nutritional intake on overweight/obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) based on deep learning such as deep neural network (DNN). The present study aims to classify and predict associations between nutritional intake and risk of overweight/obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and T2DM by developing a DNN model, and to compare a DNN model with the most popular machine learning models such as logistic regression and decision tree. Subjects aged from 40 to 69 years in the 4–7th (from 2007 through 2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were included. Diagnostic criteria of dyslipidemia ( n = 10,731), hypertension ( n = 10,991), T2DM ( n = 3889) and overweight/obesity ( n = 10,980) were set as dependent variables. Nutritional intakes were set as independent variables. A DNN model comprising one input layer with 7 nodes, three hidden layers with 30 nodes, 12 nodes, 8 nodes in each layer and one output layer with one node were implemented in Python programming language using Keras with tensorflow backend. In DNN, binary cross-entropy loss function for binary classification was used with Adam optimizer. For avoiding overfitting, dropout was applied to each hidden layer. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was also performed to simultaneously estimate multivariate causal association between nutritional intake and overweight/obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and T2DM. The DNN model showed the higher prediction accuracy with 0.58654 for dyslipidemia, 0.79958 for hypertension, 0.80896 for T2DM and 0.62496 for overweight/obesity compared with two other machine leaning models with five-folds cross-validation. Prediction accuracy for dyslipidemia, hypertension, T2DM and overweight/obesity were 0.58448, 0.79929, 0.80818 and 0.62486, respectively, when analyzed by a logistic regression, also were 0.52148, 0.66773, 0.71587 and 0.54026, respectively, when analyzed by a decision tree. This study observed a DNN model with three hidden layers with 30 nodes, 12 nodes, 8 nodes in each layer had better prediction accuracy than two conventional machine learning models of a logistic regression and decision tree.

Suggested Citation

  • Hyerim Kim & Dong Hoon Lim & Yoona Kim, 2021. "Classification and Prediction on the Effects of Nutritional Intake on Overweight/Obesity, Dyslipidemia, Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using Deep Learning Model: 4–7th Korea National Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-18, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:11:p:5597-:d:561030
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Hyerim Kim & Seunghyeon Hwang & Suwon Lee & Yoona Kim, 2022. "Classification and Prediction on Hypertension with Blood Pressure Determinants in a Deep Learning Algorithm," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-20, November.
    2. Božica Lovrić & Harolt Placento & Nikolina Farčić & Metka Lipič Baligač & Štefica Mikšić & Marin Mamić & Tihomir Jovanović & Hrvoje Vidić & Sandra Karabatić & Sabina Cviljević & Lada Zibar & Ivan Vuko, 2022. "Association between Health Literacy and Prevalence of Obesity, Arterial Hypertension, and Diabetes Mellitus," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-14, July.

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