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Assessing Cadmium and Chromium Concentrations in Drinking Water to Predict Health Risk in Malaysia

Author

Listed:
  • Minhaz Farid Ahmed

    (Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), UKM Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia)

  • Mazlin Bin Mokhtar

    (Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), UKM Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia)

Abstract

Although toxic Cd (cadmium) and Cr (chromium) in the aquatic environment are mainly from natural sources, human activities have increased their concentrations. Several studies have reported higher concentrations of Cd and Cr in the aquatic environment of Malaysia; however, the association between metal ingestion via drinking water and human health risk has not been established. This study collected water samples from four stages of the drinking water supply chain at Langat River Basin, Malaysia in 2015 to analyze the samples by inductivity coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Mean concentrations of Cd and Cr and the time-series river data (2004–2014) of these metals were significantly within the safe limit of drinking water quality standard proposed by the Ministry of Health Malaysia and the World Health Organization. Hazard quotient (HQ) and lifetime cancer risk (LCR) values of Cd and Cr in 2015 and 2020 also indicate no significant human health risk of its ingestion via drinking water. Additionally, management of pollution sources in the Langat Basin from 2004 to 2015 decreased Cr concentration in 2020 on the basis of autoregression moving average. Although Cd and Cr concentrations were found to be within the safe limits at Langat Basin, high concentrations of these metals have been found in household tap water, especially due to the contamination in the water distribution pipeline. Therefore, a two-layer water filtration system should be introduced in the basin to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 agenda of a better and more sustainable future for all, especially via SDG 6 of supplying safe drinking water at the household level.

Suggested Citation

  • Minhaz Farid Ahmed & Mazlin Bin Mokhtar, 2020. "Assessing Cadmium and Chromium Concentrations in Drinking Water to Predict Health Risk in Malaysia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-23, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:8:p:2966-:d:350004
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Minhaz Farid Ahmed & Lubna Alam & Che Abd Rahim Mohamed & Mazlin Bin Mokhtar & Goh Choo Ta, 2018. "Health Risk of Polonium 210 Ingestion via Drinking Water: An Experience of Malaysia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-19, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Chao-Hsin Huang & Chih-Wen Wang & Huang-Chi Chen & Hung-Pin Tu & Szu-Chia Chen & Chih-Hsing Hung & Chao-Hung Kuo, 2021. "Gender Difference in the Associations among Heavy Metals with Red Blood Cell Hemogram," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-13, December.
    2. Minhaz Farid Ahmed & Chen Kim Lim & Mazlin Bin Mokhtar & Rd. Puteri Khairani Khirotdin, 2021. "Predicting Arsenic (As) Exposure on Human Health for Better Management of Drinking Water Sources," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-14, July.

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